torek, 12. oktober 2010
nedelja, 10. oktober 2010
četrtek, 23. september 2010
Gif 42
♥ Gif 42 ♥ ❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥❥¸¸¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥♥ 22.09.2010
The Radiant Rose Academy Inc. ♥ http://www.Akashaonline.com/ 22:44
The Ascended Master Akasha:
...August 10, 2010 from the weekly messages
♥ New format for the weekly messages starting October
♥ September 22nd ,the Path of Resurrection is open for those under the dispensation of the Rose Pink Ray, and not have to wait until 2012.
♥" All our other classes (miracle classes, freedom classes , workshops and conclaves) will step up into the advanced knowledge of Resurrection; sacred geometries, sacred levels of metaphysics that bring about the expansion of the mind, the liberation of the feelings, the raising of the physical garment, the throwing off of the aging, sacred alchemies, powers of transmutation and transformation."
The Ascended Master Akasha:
Next, before I begin my discourse, my sharing with you, I announced, I’ve been hinting and announced last Wednesday that there is a change of format coming to the Wednesday classes.
Since the early 1900’s tens of thousands of human beings re-ignited their awakening. In the 19th and 20th century the Ascended Host have watched and assisted as well as the Angelic Host and a Divine Plan more than 50,000 years in the making comes to fulfill itself in 2012, and for all those in the 19th and 20th century and who in previous embodiments have been asking the greater questions, “Who am I, what am I, where did I come from, why am I here?” and have had those course of events and circumstances in their lives that has triggered oftentimes through difficulty a spiritual awakening.
For them who started in the late l800’s and all throughout the l900’s the great effort that these ones have made is about to come into fruition. For all those who’ve been awakening since 1895 even if they’ve lost their garments and are living up in the Plains of Bliss where you all live in between lives on Earth, or whether they have returned, the time has come for this long journey of awakening to fulfill itself.
Emanuel, and you know him as Jesus the Christ, comes to conclave and he will let me know the day in September, it will be the latter part of September that he will speak that the Path of Resurrection is open for those under the dispensation of the Rose Pink Ray, and not have to wait until 2012. (This day was announced as September 22nd , 2010 in the Montreal Conclave on August the 16th )
The great journey of becoming, the great journey of being raised into your True and Glorious Self as demonstrated by Jesus himself some 2000 years ago, will open.
And what that means dear hearts is that all our other classes will step up into the advanced knowledge of Resurrection; sacred geometries, sacred levels of metaphysics that bring about the expansion of the mind, the liberation of the feelings, the raising of the physical garment, the throwing off of the aging, sacred alchemies, powers of transmutation and transformation.
It is the Path of Becoming, it is the Path of Resurrection.
Some fifty thousand years of planning to bring about the Resurrection of those that Christ talked about, those who’ve been awakening since the last great public ascension in 1895 begins this autumn, and that means that all our other classes, the Freedom Classes, the Miracle Classes, the Workshops and the Conclaves must for all who have made this great effort provide the knowledge the means the intervention the assistance the invocations the healings the raising the demonstrations in those classes.
And this class that began in October 1994, our weekly transmissions, this class will continue to be what it always sought to be, to offer you all a strong foundation in your study of metaphysics.
And as you set aside the tree of knowledge that poisoned you, the tree of knowledge of good and evil, as you set aside that and study the Tree of Life and spirituality, this class will continue to offer you the fundamentals and foundation.
And for those of you who might think, “Well I don’t need, I don’t desire the Wednesday transmission because I’m going to go into the advanced study now,” then I say to you after all the years of building a foundation in your life, building a foundation in your home what would happen if you go up to the 3rd floor of your home and never come down to the foundation? You’ve got to look after the foundation dear hearts.
And I say to you, I’m just going to tease you a little bit more, not tell you too much; there is a new format for the Wednesday classes, it comes in October and both messengers will be part of it that comes in October.
It’s exciting, it takes the fundamentals, the foundation of spirituality, the foundation of the knowledge of the Tree of Life, it helps you to understand how your mind works, how your feelings work, it continues to offer personal empowerment, spiritual empowerment, how to process and release things instantly.
Understand the laws of manifestation, apply them and more, and the most amazing sacred guided meditations and journeys the likes of which can transform your world within seven days.his is the new Wednesday class that comes in October 2010
Thank you dear hearts.
The Ascended Master Akasha
☀☯♪♥ N ҉ A ҉ M ҉ A ҉ S ҉ T ҉ E ♥♪☯☀~
For more info about the weekly messages click here : http://www.akashaonline.com/Subscribe_MonthlyMessages.php
or here:
http://www.akashaonline.com/gallery/product_list_nophotos.php?section=onlinestore&pid=559
http://www.akashaonline.com/
Discourse Copyright Radiant Rose Academy of Mystical Arts , Science and Technologies
´¯`•.☆Sending you ☆.•´¯`•.☆
♥´¯) ¸.☆´¯)Love and Light♥ ☆´´¯•.¸¸.☆`☆
Inc.201-2726 Spruce St.Vancouver, BC. Canada, V6H 2R2
Office Hours: 10 am to 6 pm
Pacific Standard TimeTelephone: 604-267-0985
Direct your inquiries to one of the following Email addresses:
General Inquiries » angels@akashaonline.com
Downloads, Products & Purchases » orders@akashaonline.com
Personal Audience » audience@akashaonline.com
Follow us in youtube :The Radiant Rose Academy http://www.youtube.com/user/Shamalea1
Para traducir en español , corta y pega el texto y haz click en el link .
To translate: copy, paste the text and click here : http://translate.google.com/?sl
¯`v´¯)
`*.¸.*´ ¸.•´¸.•*¨`*. ¸.•*¨*.¸¸.•*¨`*•
(¸¸¸.•*¨`*•.•´*.¸.•´* .•´*¸¸.•*¨`*• ♥♥♥ Miracles of Light on your way ♥
The Radiant Rose Academy Inc. ♥ http://www.Akashaonline.com/ 22:44
The Ascended Master Akasha:
...August 10, 2010 from the weekly messages
♥ New format for the weekly messages starting October
♥ September 22nd ,the Path of Resurrection is open for those under the dispensation of the Rose Pink Ray, and not have to wait until 2012.
♥" All our other classes (miracle classes, freedom classes , workshops and conclaves) will step up into the advanced knowledge of Resurrection; sacred geometries, sacred levels of metaphysics that bring about the expansion of the mind, the liberation of the feelings, the raising of the physical garment, the throwing off of the aging, sacred alchemies, powers of transmutation and transformation."
The Ascended Master Akasha:
Next, before I begin my discourse, my sharing with you, I announced, I’ve been hinting and announced last Wednesday that there is a change of format coming to the Wednesday classes.
Since the early 1900’s tens of thousands of human beings re-ignited their awakening. In the 19th and 20th century the Ascended Host have watched and assisted as well as the Angelic Host and a Divine Plan more than 50,000 years in the making comes to fulfill itself in 2012, and for all those in the 19th and 20th century and who in previous embodiments have been asking the greater questions, “Who am I, what am I, where did I come from, why am I here?” and have had those course of events and circumstances in their lives that has triggered oftentimes through difficulty a spiritual awakening.
For them who started in the late l800’s and all throughout the l900’s the great effort that these ones have made is about to come into fruition. For all those who’ve been awakening since 1895 even if they’ve lost their garments and are living up in the Plains of Bliss where you all live in between lives on Earth, or whether they have returned, the time has come for this long journey of awakening to fulfill itself.
Emanuel, and you know him as Jesus the Christ, comes to conclave and he will let me know the day in September, it will be the latter part of September that he will speak that the Path of Resurrection is open for those under the dispensation of the Rose Pink Ray, and not have to wait until 2012. (This day was announced as September 22nd , 2010 in the Montreal Conclave on August the 16th )
The great journey of becoming, the great journey of being raised into your True and Glorious Self as demonstrated by Jesus himself some 2000 years ago, will open.
And what that means dear hearts is that all our other classes will step up into the advanced knowledge of Resurrection; sacred geometries, sacred levels of metaphysics that bring about the expansion of the mind, the liberation of the feelings, the raising of the physical garment, the throwing off of the aging, sacred alchemies, powers of transmutation and transformation.
It is the Path of Becoming, it is the Path of Resurrection.
Some fifty thousand years of planning to bring about the Resurrection of those that Christ talked about, those who’ve been awakening since the last great public ascension in 1895 begins this autumn, and that means that all our other classes, the Freedom Classes, the Miracle Classes, the Workshops and the Conclaves must for all who have made this great effort provide the knowledge the means the intervention the assistance the invocations the healings the raising the demonstrations in those classes.
And this class that began in October 1994, our weekly transmissions, this class will continue to be what it always sought to be, to offer you all a strong foundation in your study of metaphysics.
And as you set aside the tree of knowledge that poisoned you, the tree of knowledge of good and evil, as you set aside that and study the Tree of Life and spirituality, this class will continue to offer you the fundamentals and foundation.
And for those of you who might think, “Well I don’t need, I don’t desire the Wednesday transmission because I’m going to go into the advanced study now,” then I say to you after all the years of building a foundation in your life, building a foundation in your home what would happen if you go up to the 3rd floor of your home and never come down to the foundation? You’ve got to look after the foundation dear hearts.
And I say to you, I’m just going to tease you a little bit more, not tell you too much; there is a new format for the Wednesday classes, it comes in October and both messengers will be part of it that comes in October.
It’s exciting, it takes the fundamentals, the foundation of spirituality, the foundation of the knowledge of the Tree of Life, it helps you to understand how your mind works, how your feelings work, it continues to offer personal empowerment, spiritual empowerment, how to process and release things instantly.
Understand the laws of manifestation, apply them and more, and the most amazing sacred guided meditations and journeys the likes of which can transform your world within seven days.his is the new Wednesday class that comes in October 2010
Thank you dear hearts.
The Ascended Master Akasha
☀☯♪♥ N ҉ A ҉ M ҉ A ҉ S ҉ T ҉ E ♥♪☯☀~
For more info about the weekly messages click here : http://www.akashaonline.com/Subscribe_MonthlyMessages.php
or here:
http://www.akashaonline.com/gallery/product_list_nophotos.php?section=onlinestore&pid=559
http://www.akashaonline.com/
Discourse Copyright Radiant Rose Academy of Mystical Arts , Science and Technologies
´¯`•.☆Sending you ☆.•´¯`•.☆
♥´¯) ¸.☆´¯)Love and Light♥ ☆´´¯•.¸¸.☆`☆
Inc.201-2726 Spruce St.Vancouver, BC. Canada, V6H 2R2
Office Hours: 10 am to 6 pm
Pacific Standard TimeTelephone: 604-267-0985
Direct your inquiries to one of the following Email addresses:
General Inquiries » angels@akashaonline.com
Downloads, Products & Purchases » orders@akashaonline.com
Personal Audience » audience@akashaonline.com
Follow us in youtube :The Radiant Rose Academy http://www.youtube.com/user/Shamalea1
Para traducir en español , corta y pega el texto y haz click en el link .
To translate: copy, paste the text and click here : http://translate.google.com/?sl
¯`v´¯)
`*.¸.*´ ¸.•´¸.•*¨`*. ¸.•*¨*.¸¸.•*¨`*•
(¸¸¸.•*¨`*•.•´*.¸.•´* .•´*¸¸.•*¨`*• ♥♥♥ Miracles of Light on your way ♥
Vstajenje
♥ Gif 43 ♥ ❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥❥¸¸¸¸.☆¨¯`♥❥❥¸¸.☆¨¯`♥♥
The Radiant Rose Academy Inc. ♥ http://www.Akashaonline.com/
The Ascended Master Akasha :
August 18, 2010
...
♥" I could announce this day as was announced at conclave that for those who are completing their awakening, for those who have chosen that the Rose Pink Flames and Rays of Divine Love Will and Grace will be that Love Will and Grace that raises them through their Resurrection, then for those ye need not wait until the window opens between May and December 2012 where the many around the world in various spiritual paths completing their awakening will begin their great path of Resurrection.It was announced and I will keep announcing it that on the 22nd of September 2010 this day is proclaimed as Day One of the great path of becoming, the great path of Resurrection."
♥ Our great purpose in having one of the conclaves in Montreal has finally fulfilled what the Great Divine Director in the 1930’s as he addressed the four children, now ascended, and the I AM Activity that unfolded, “Children of the Diamond Heart.” Now dear hearts you have that diamond around the Great Love Flame in your hearts.
♥ And so this fellowship of the spiritual family that has been achieved at the conclaves is just wonderful and I wish to thank each of you
♥ The path of Resurrection is a path of great joy sealed in great activities the Goddesses will come forth to offer all of you, it is the most joyous path, it is a wonderful path.
The Ascended Master Akasha :
Another successful conclave, what a conclave it was! (Applause) and so full, so full, so full was it not? and I wish to extend my deep heart’s gratitude for all of you who came to conclave, for all of you who tuned into the recordings of conclave or energetically sent your loving attention there and to all of you who will yet tune in to the recordings of the conclave as they are available on disc .
To all of you I extend my deep gratitude. Once again you have allowed yourself to know, to feel the great purpose of conclave and have allowed yourself to hear that knock on the door that calls you to conclave.
As I’ve said before, and its worth repeating, any great dispensation that comes from the Ascended Master Realms is truly assisted in being able to facilitate its great gifts to those awakening occurs much more easily and quickly when there are those who come in fellowship and who become a great spiritual family to each other, and this is something that has been accomplished well with the wonderful conclaves.
And I truly noticed even more so that in this conclave it has been the way in the Diamond Heart Conclave in Montreal that our Saturdays complete around the supper hour around 5 to 6 p.m. and then off you all go and enjoy dinner together.
Dear hearts you know, even though Asun and I are not always transmitting in the conclaves because we open the door to those we’ve invited to come and offer their gifts, yet we are there all throughout the conclave; Asun and I stay all throughout the weekend. When we desire to rest we go for a few minutes to Emanuel’s retreat in Arabia and then we return quickly.
And I just wish to share with you it brings so much joy in my heart to watch the conversations of the students who see each other after not having seen each other for several months, and how you gather in your chairs and share with each other, how you gather in the hallways and cheer each other and the loving affection that you all show for each other has created such a fellowship.
There are very few biological families that have achieved the measure of love, of affection, of harmony, of respect and trust that this spiritual family has gathered, and I am truly grateful dear hearts.
I’ve also noticed that on the Sunday evening after the conclave was complete not only had many come to the dinner on the Saturday evening, it seems that the messenger at the end of the conclave had made an announcement that he was going off to dinner and wisely he chose a restaurant that was very large and basically said to everyone, “If there’s any of you that would like to join me for dinner after the conclave please come.”
Well more than half the attendees of the conclave turned out for this Sunday evening dinner which again exemplifies the great joy that you all have of being in each other’s presence, it makes such a wonderful difference because you’ve all become so enlightened, so awakened and in your sharings often each one of you have a message for each other or ways that you can assist another when you may find that there’s some area in their life that one is still having a difficult time with.
And so this fellowship of the spiritual family that has been achieved at the conclaves is just wonderful and I wish to thank each of you, because it is all of you that did this dear hearts.
Next I wish to thank our Beloved Ascended Master guests who came to conclave to hear the disciples who spoke as one voice, first through the disciple Andrew and then through the disciple James the Elder, to hear the Great Goddess of Joy come and seal the great path of Resurrection ahead of you in her joy.
And my dear hearts both of these messengers, messenger number one and messenger number two did they show up, and with all the love the students offered to them they showed up. You do not all know the particulars that are involved in this which we consider the highest form of transmission.
We promised messenger number one and as messenger number two is gaining the great understanding too that this particular form of transmission assists each of them and will assist each of them in their own Resurrection.
And as Emanuel came forth on the Friday evening through messenger number two he expressed everything he so desired to express through taking up messenger number two’s garment.
As the weekend unfolded dear hearts knowing how important that harmony is in this great path of Resurrection that is ahead of you, messenger number two drew forth the most amazing transmission from the God and Goddess of Harmony.
And the Lord Maitreya surprised everyone in not only announcing that the ninth pillar of the Diamond Heart had formed, in also calling forth nine students to come up to the altar where through them and then everyone gathered did he transfer those nine pillars of the Diamond Heart and place them in the nine chambers of the physical heart where he then released a wonderful surprise in which those nine pillars of the Diamond Heart within the nine chambers of your heart and the generators within each one working actively, did the Great Love Flame in the fifth chamber of the heart, did it form around itself what you would consider a diamond, a real diamond of electronic frequency.
And so our great purpose in having one of the conclaves in Montreal has finally fulfilled what the Great Divine Director in the 1930’s as he addressed the four children, now ascended, and the I AM Activity that unfolded, “Children of the Diamond Heart.” Now dear hearts you have that diamond around the Great Love Flame in your hearts.
So much was accomplished, so many gifts and so I express my deep gratitude to the Ascended Host, my deep gratitude to the two messengers, and I would not normally make this announcement publicly but because of the importance that it involves not only myself or himself, messenger number two I say to you dear son would you make yourself available on the tomorrow evening in the early evening. I would normally send this message privately through messenger number one to you, yet it is not only about yourself or myself, it is that our Beloved Sister Joy the Great Goddess Charity would like to commune with you tomorrow evening and is it possible to guarantee that you will be available sometime after your supper hour tomorrow?.....excellent dear son.
Again, if it was simply me coming to see you, you know, through messenger number one we could have privately sent that message, and the importance is that if I say to the Goddess Joy that of a certain time to be available, I want to make sure that we keep our word because it’s not just us, it’s her, you understand? Thank you son.
And so it is that as we watched the unfoldment of this weekend as Emanuel came and on the Sunday the Sacred Ceremony. And to the beloved musicians who joined Roisha Ray in holding sacred hymn while Emanuel could take up that 2 ½ hours, and the great love of the students who attended supported messenger number one.
Now I would say also that for those listening to the recording of the conclave the ceremony itself after my message and after Emanuel’s message went on for 90 minutes, and if you wish to skip that part to get on to the message that Sanat Kumarah and the Great Goddess Supreme of Venus sealed the conclave with, that is fine, yet I would encourage you to at least listen for a few moments to hear how our Beloved Emanuel greeted each student, each student yes, as he baptized each one so that you can catch the feeling.
I’m speaking to those who were not able to attend. And when you listen to the recordings I so desire that you catch that feeling because he truly set aside the outer sight of the messenger and took up his sight and I know that those of you who experienced it knew you were looking into the eyes of Emanuel.
And for those who tune into the recordings I urge each of you to invite Emanuel to come to you and to baptize you in his own wonderful way that he can.
And so, it was as we both watched the events unfold, it became clear to us that I could announce this day as was announced at conclave that for those who are completing their awakening, for those who have chosen that the Rose Pink Flames and Rays of Divine Love Will and Grace will be that Love Will and Grace that raises them through their Resurrection, then for those ye need not wait until the window opens between May and December 2012 where the many around the world in various spiritual paths completing their awakening will begin their great path of Resurrection.It was announced and I will keep announcing it that on the 22nd of September 2010 this day is proclaimed as Day One of the great path of becoming, the great path of Resurrection, and as the good news of this goes forth dear hearts it is my own heart’s flame desire, and I wish you to know something about my heart’s flame desire.
Many of you have come to love and admire the Great Avatar who is associated with Venus at this time, he is known as the Tall Master from Venus, he is known as the Mighty Victory and I know that many of you have opened a space of great love to this Great Master, for you yourselves wish to exemplify that victory in your own lives, and I know that if I was on the Earth un-ascended I certainly would align with this Great Master.
Yet I wish to say to you and you know dear hearts Akasha never toots her own horn, all I’m just saying is that my heart flame of Love and Wisdom and Grace, Love Will and Grace is the great triangulation that produces victory, and so I say to you dear hearts it is my own heart flame desire that these years that are ahead of you they are your years of becoming, your years of becoming your True Self, your years dedicated to being raised up and out of the human condition, being raised up and out of the human consciousness, the duality, the belief in good the belief in evil and all the conditions that consciousness creates.
The path of Resurrection is a path of great joy sealed in great activities the Goddesses will come forth to offer all of you, it is the most joyous path, it is a wonderful path. And in these final weeks that for all of you represent the end of the ages of awakening, may each of you hold a candle of such Great God Gratitude and anticipation that your journey of awakening is complete and that each of you are quietly and sometimes not so quietly welcoming these great days ahead of becoming your True Self I AM on the Earth.
And may you enjoy the years of becoming, may you enjoy the shedding off of the last of the human consciousness, may you enjoy glimpses in which your whole mind is at such peace, where the Great Light of the Christ is shining in and you begin to experience omniscience and all-knowingness in moments of great peace and harmony, even though the Resurrection is not yet complete.
It is the greatest of all journeys dear hearts and I welcome you all to this wonderful journey that is ahead.
As with all conclaves as the students sealed the Diamond Heart Conclave all the energies not only the energies and gifts of the Ascended Host, the Angelic Host that were given, the energies expressed by all the students all throughout the weekend, I took up to my temple in the fifth dimension where those energies were held first in the Cosmic Christ Blue Flame, then the Violet Flame, then the Golden Flame of All-Christ Illumination and then finally charged with my own Rose Pink Flame of Divine Love Will and Grace that was held and sustained and expanded and amplified, and then some of that, half of it actually was sent to the larger student body around the world.
So as you precious hearts are listening or hearing of this, remember that all the energies of conclave are available to all of you and remember the power of your attention is to focus your attention upon that Diamond Heart Conclave and all the gifts that were given, and take a deep breath and command yourself open and receive, be still for about five minutes and just open and receive all the expanded energies of the Diamond Heart Conclave.
Do this for five minutes a day for seven days, and this includes all of you dear hearts who attended the conclave as well.
And that will serve a great blessing.Because of what I have seen accomplished in the Diamond Heart Conclave in not having the Saturday evenings and rather having the group all go out for dinner together, and holding the conclave all the way ‘til 6 p.m. on Sunday which is different than the other three conclaves. In the other three conclaves there is a supper break and then we generally return the Saturday evening, 7 until 10 p.m. and then the conclave on Sunday starts to conclude around 4 p.m. And I am dear hearts saying ‘yes’ to inquiries made by the students who just love the hours of the Montreal Conclave and who love being able to go out together on the Saturday evening, and then, having the Sunday last a little longer to make up for that.
And so I am saying ‘yes’ to those students who’ve asked if that was possible and I’m saying ‘yes’ to the messengers who enquired if this was something that I’d like to do. And so for all the conclaves now our conclaves will complete around 5:30 on the Saturday, have a little bit of a break there so that people can gather within a couple of hours for a wonderful Saturday evening dinner together, yes? However, do understand that the conclave on the Sunday will go all the way to 6 p.m. and I say that because I know that sometimes, and I know that a lot of students have corrected this, sometimes the student’s flight itineraries to their homes means they have to leave around 4 or 5 ‘o clock on the Sunday.
Now also understand that this is where perhaps two years ago 20 to 30 students had to leave around 4 ‘o clock; this time it was only 5 that had to leave, so I know the students already are adjusting and making sure that they’re not flying out on Sunday at 4 or 5 ‘o clock. So the Sunday’s will be a full day all the way to 6 p .m.And so I announce that these changes will be made at the conclave because again, with all the Ascended Master guests and blessings that are given its so important dear hearts for you to be able to integrate those blessings, and being with your spiritual family and getting out and having a social time and some good fun is a wonderful way of integrating.
And finally I have a message that’s not for you yet it is through your consciousness that I send a message to people in the outer world who sometimes offer criticism in which your attention is held upon the higher activities of life.
You see dear hearts nothing is as hidden from an Ascended Being and we even hear sometimes criticisms within this student body that sometimes that the attention is held upon two high-minded ideals and activities of the Light that are so sublime that matters of integrating or living that in the outer life are not a reality. And I say to – do you understand what I’m saying?
And I say to you dear hearts that a lot of nonsense because when you consider the hundreds of embodiments where the attention is turned downwards, where the attention is turned upwards, the amount of time that we have with you and the amount of time on your own time when you turn your attention upwards to the great activities of Life that are offered, I just say dear hearts you just can’t get enough of that Greater Activity. And so it seems I’ve taken most of my time so let me say this dear hearts; I don’t wish any of you to have a positive shock.
Sometimes a positive shock can throw you out of balance a little, even when you hear something that is a negative shock. So I’m going to say something to you now in light of the health and wellness workshop that is coming. The physical body is going to change dramatically even for those not awakening and on a spiritual path.
For those who are in children today, those who are in their teenage years, those that are in their 20’s, if, if - a qualifier there, if everything continues the advancement in science, if those on the Earth awakened and going through their Resurrection continue to be a bridge that draws more of the Sacred Fire onto the Earth, the great discoveries of re-building the human cell will be so amazing that I say to you do not let it shock you if within 30 years it is possible for those who are coming in as children, those who are teenagers and in their 20’s have the potential based on the current, current information, based on the current changes the current discoveries and based on good and health and wealthy living that those ones that I’ve just identified could live up to 1500 years in the physical body.
We have got to shock the body dear heart, but in a gentle harmonious way, to open your consciousness – forgive me – we have got to shock your consciousness not your body, that’s what I meant by it. It’s getting your consciousness used to so many profound ideas. Part of the Health and Wellness Workshop will include identifying that which is for those of you who are in the 30’s to 60-70-80’s in the physical garment, what you can do to support various avenues of the most strong immune systems. Now there are many different things that you can use to offer your physical garments profound immunity and this is part of the Health and Wellness Workshop, to help you realize that for one person, one thing may be very good that just charges the immune system and stops the destruction of the human cell, whereas for another individual there may be something else that charges the immune system.
Do you understand? And if we can get the immune system so charged, and if we can get that which is the liquid light restored in the nerve channels of your physical garments, and if we can get the rejuvenation of the human cells which is well started with the Resveretrol and the Ubiquinol and if we can get a new chemistry of balance in the human brain that is so required with the Melatonin.
And then if you can include in that chain what offers you the kind of surges of such feeling of wellbeing.
Sometimes you have to interview those who have a love of sports in which at the top of their hour in their sports they feel so wonderful and perhaps one who has been out surfing or on a surfboard and has surfed the ocean waves and comes off the surfboard just feeling so charged, so full of life, so full of energy .
That’s your Vitamin D3, that’s what Vitamin D3 does in the physical garment. And finally, there is an alert even in the medical community and especially with young people that are seriously having such minimum D3 supporting their physical garments and the reason for that is too much time in front of the computers and not enough time out in the sun. And then in places where there is large pollution the Vitamin D3 that the sun can offer is not getting into the body for those who do get into the sun.
So I say this dear heart; as you’ve already heard these Wednesday transmissions they’re going to change in October because all of our other classes, workshops and conclaves are dedicated to getting you ready for 2012, assisting you to be an Untouchable where that which is in the world cannot touch you; assist in bringing forth advanced knowledge for the Path of Becoming and Resurrection, and that is so vital.Yet what is equally important is the foundation, the foundation must be looked after if we’re going to take you up.
The foundation is what these weekly transmissions are about which is also in the way they will change in October, be perfect for those who are stepping in to their awakening .
Those who will be new, for thousands of new people or people new to our dispensation will come and will start on the Wednesdays yes? And so all the Wednesdays will be about – and this is why the next three workshops that take us into October, and October is where the format of the weekly transmissions change that these three workshop environments, ‘Health and Wellness’, and ‘Living an Abundant Spiritual Life’, this is what the Wednesday transmissions will all be about and they will include come October, both messengers on the Wednesday transmissions.
And its supporting all the ways, its about – the Wednesdays will be about the daily living because if you cannot live the daily living and be in your joy, be in your health, be in your abundance, then the absence of those will take away from your ability to become your True Self because they will, the absence of those will be a distraction and that’s why the Wednesday weekly transmissions will be of growing importance.
And I am so grateful that messenger number two will join on the weekly transmissions, and wait ‘til you see what he’s got planned for you dear hearts. Even he is not quite certain yet, yet I’m sure with my loving guidance he will be.
And so dear hearts to live well, to live happy, to live carrying your spiritual candle flames so lit. And Joy, Joy is so important. I thank you.
God bless you dear hearts
The Ascended Master Akasha form the weekly messages
August 18, 2010
☀☯♪♥ N ҉ A ҉ M ҉ A ҉ S ҉ T ҉ E ♥♪☯☀~
For more info about the weekly messages click here : http://www.akashaonline.com/Subscribe_MonthlyMessages.php
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For more info about the Diamond heart conclave August 2010 click here :
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Discourse Copyright Radiant Rose Academy of Mystical Arts , Science and Technologies
´¯`•.☆Sending you ☆.•´¯`•.☆
♥´¯) ¸.☆´¯)Love and Light♥ ☆´´¯•.¸¸.☆`☆
Inc.201-2726 Spruce St.Vancouver, BC. Canada, V6H 2R2
Office Hours: 10 am to 6 pm
Pacific Standard TimeTelephone: 604-267-0985
Direct your inquiries to one of the following Email addresses:
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Para traducir en español , corta y pega el texto y haz click en el link .
To translate: copy, paste the text and click here : http://translate.google.com/?sl
¯`v´¯)
`*.¸.*´ ¸.•´¸.•*¨`*. ¸.•*¨*.¸¸.•*¨`*•
(¸¸¸.•*¨`*•.•´*.¸.•´* .•´*¸¸.•*¨`*• ♥♥♥ Miracles of Light on your way ♥
KOmentar:
Ascended Master's Gifts Well Blessed Hearts, a new day has dawned and after many centuries of awakening to our true ‘I AM’ God Nature, a new path, a time of resurrection into our higher Christ Consciousness has arrived. May this great new journey be the most joyfu...l and wondrous adventure of all the lifetimes you have ever lived upon this Earth. May you become such a Glorious Sun’s Presence of Light, Light, Light, and Love, Love, Love, a Blazing Miracle Presence to all life upon this Beloved Planet. Let the new journey, The Great Path of Becoming the Beloved ‘I AM’ that you are, proceed with a Mighty Flame of Enthusiasm, Inspiration, Joy, Perfection, and Abundance fully active and in Divine Expression in each of you. May your Presence, Beloved Akasha and Asun, and all the Ascended and Angelic Host and all Activities of the Sacred Fire be fully present throughout this great new path you have chosen.Prikaži več
The Radiant Rose Academy Inc. ♥ http://www.Akashaonline.com/
The Ascended Master Akasha :
August 18, 2010
...
♥" I could announce this day as was announced at conclave that for those who are completing their awakening, for those who have chosen that the Rose Pink Flames and Rays of Divine Love Will and Grace will be that Love Will and Grace that raises them through their Resurrection, then for those ye need not wait until the window opens between May and December 2012 where the many around the world in various spiritual paths completing their awakening will begin their great path of Resurrection.It was announced and I will keep announcing it that on the 22nd of September 2010 this day is proclaimed as Day One of the great path of becoming, the great path of Resurrection."
♥ Our great purpose in having one of the conclaves in Montreal has finally fulfilled what the Great Divine Director in the 1930’s as he addressed the four children, now ascended, and the I AM Activity that unfolded, “Children of the Diamond Heart.” Now dear hearts you have that diamond around the Great Love Flame in your hearts.
♥ And so this fellowship of the spiritual family that has been achieved at the conclaves is just wonderful and I wish to thank each of you
♥ The path of Resurrection is a path of great joy sealed in great activities the Goddesses will come forth to offer all of you, it is the most joyous path, it is a wonderful path.
The Ascended Master Akasha :
Another successful conclave, what a conclave it was! (Applause) and so full, so full, so full was it not? and I wish to extend my deep heart’s gratitude for all of you who came to conclave, for all of you who tuned into the recordings of conclave or energetically sent your loving attention there and to all of you who will yet tune in to the recordings of the conclave as they are available on disc .
To all of you I extend my deep gratitude. Once again you have allowed yourself to know, to feel the great purpose of conclave and have allowed yourself to hear that knock on the door that calls you to conclave.
As I’ve said before, and its worth repeating, any great dispensation that comes from the Ascended Master Realms is truly assisted in being able to facilitate its great gifts to those awakening occurs much more easily and quickly when there are those who come in fellowship and who become a great spiritual family to each other, and this is something that has been accomplished well with the wonderful conclaves.
And I truly noticed even more so that in this conclave it has been the way in the Diamond Heart Conclave in Montreal that our Saturdays complete around the supper hour around 5 to 6 p.m. and then off you all go and enjoy dinner together.
Dear hearts you know, even though Asun and I are not always transmitting in the conclaves because we open the door to those we’ve invited to come and offer their gifts, yet we are there all throughout the conclave; Asun and I stay all throughout the weekend. When we desire to rest we go for a few minutes to Emanuel’s retreat in Arabia and then we return quickly.
And I just wish to share with you it brings so much joy in my heart to watch the conversations of the students who see each other after not having seen each other for several months, and how you gather in your chairs and share with each other, how you gather in the hallways and cheer each other and the loving affection that you all show for each other has created such a fellowship.
There are very few biological families that have achieved the measure of love, of affection, of harmony, of respect and trust that this spiritual family has gathered, and I am truly grateful dear hearts.
I’ve also noticed that on the Sunday evening after the conclave was complete not only had many come to the dinner on the Saturday evening, it seems that the messenger at the end of the conclave had made an announcement that he was going off to dinner and wisely he chose a restaurant that was very large and basically said to everyone, “If there’s any of you that would like to join me for dinner after the conclave please come.”
Well more than half the attendees of the conclave turned out for this Sunday evening dinner which again exemplifies the great joy that you all have of being in each other’s presence, it makes such a wonderful difference because you’ve all become so enlightened, so awakened and in your sharings often each one of you have a message for each other or ways that you can assist another when you may find that there’s some area in their life that one is still having a difficult time with.
And so this fellowship of the spiritual family that has been achieved at the conclaves is just wonderful and I wish to thank each of you, because it is all of you that did this dear hearts.
Next I wish to thank our Beloved Ascended Master guests who came to conclave to hear the disciples who spoke as one voice, first through the disciple Andrew and then through the disciple James the Elder, to hear the Great Goddess of Joy come and seal the great path of Resurrection ahead of you in her joy.
And my dear hearts both of these messengers, messenger number one and messenger number two did they show up, and with all the love the students offered to them they showed up. You do not all know the particulars that are involved in this which we consider the highest form of transmission.
We promised messenger number one and as messenger number two is gaining the great understanding too that this particular form of transmission assists each of them and will assist each of them in their own Resurrection.
And as Emanuel came forth on the Friday evening through messenger number two he expressed everything he so desired to express through taking up messenger number two’s garment.
As the weekend unfolded dear hearts knowing how important that harmony is in this great path of Resurrection that is ahead of you, messenger number two drew forth the most amazing transmission from the God and Goddess of Harmony.
And the Lord Maitreya surprised everyone in not only announcing that the ninth pillar of the Diamond Heart had formed, in also calling forth nine students to come up to the altar where through them and then everyone gathered did he transfer those nine pillars of the Diamond Heart and place them in the nine chambers of the physical heart where he then released a wonderful surprise in which those nine pillars of the Diamond Heart within the nine chambers of your heart and the generators within each one working actively, did the Great Love Flame in the fifth chamber of the heart, did it form around itself what you would consider a diamond, a real diamond of electronic frequency.
And so our great purpose in having one of the conclaves in Montreal has finally fulfilled what the Great Divine Director in the 1930’s as he addressed the four children, now ascended, and the I AM Activity that unfolded, “Children of the Diamond Heart.” Now dear hearts you have that diamond around the Great Love Flame in your hearts.
So much was accomplished, so many gifts and so I express my deep gratitude to the Ascended Host, my deep gratitude to the two messengers, and I would not normally make this announcement publicly but because of the importance that it involves not only myself or himself, messenger number two I say to you dear son would you make yourself available on the tomorrow evening in the early evening. I would normally send this message privately through messenger number one to you, yet it is not only about yourself or myself, it is that our Beloved Sister Joy the Great Goddess Charity would like to commune with you tomorrow evening and is it possible to guarantee that you will be available sometime after your supper hour tomorrow?.....excellent dear son.
Again, if it was simply me coming to see you, you know, through messenger number one we could have privately sent that message, and the importance is that if I say to the Goddess Joy that of a certain time to be available, I want to make sure that we keep our word because it’s not just us, it’s her, you understand? Thank you son.
And so it is that as we watched the unfoldment of this weekend as Emanuel came and on the Sunday the Sacred Ceremony. And to the beloved musicians who joined Roisha Ray in holding sacred hymn while Emanuel could take up that 2 ½ hours, and the great love of the students who attended supported messenger number one.
Now I would say also that for those listening to the recording of the conclave the ceremony itself after my message and after Emanuel’s message went on for 90 minutes, and if you wish to skip that part to get on to the message that Sanat Kumarah and the Great Goddess Supreme of Venus sealed the conclave with, that is fine, yet I would encourage you to at least listen for a few moments to hear how our Beloved Emanuel greeted each student, each student yes, as he baptized each one so that you can catch the feeling.
I’m speaking to those who were not able to attend. And when you listen to the recordings I so desire that you catch that feeling because he truly set aside the outer sight of the messenger and took up his sight and I know that those of you who experienced it knew you were looking into the eyes of Emanuel.
And for those who tune into the recordings I urge each of you to invite Emanuel to come to you and to baptize you in his own wonderful way that he can.
And so, it was as we both watched the events unfold, it became clear to us that I could announce this day as was announced at conclave that for those who are completing their awakening, for those who have chosen that the Rose Pink Flames and Rays of Divine Love Will and Grace will be that Love Will and Grace that raises them through their Resurrection, then for those ye need not wait until the window opens between May and December 2012 where the many around the world in various spiritual paths completing their awakening will begin their great path of Resurrection.It was announced and I will keep announcing it that on the 22nd of September 2010 this day is proclaimed as Day One of the great path of becoming, the great path of Resurrection, and as the good news of this goes forth dear hearts it is my own heart’s flame desire, and I wish you to know something about my heart’s flame desire.
Many of you have come to love and admire the Great Avatar who is associated with Venus at this time, he is known as the Tall Master from Venus, he is known as the Mighty Victory and I know that many of you have opened a space of great love to this Great Master, for you yourselves wish to exemplify that victory in your own lives, and I know that if I was on the Earth un-ascended I certainly would align with this Great Master.
Yet I wish to say to you and you know dear hearts Akasha never toots her own horn, all I’m just saying is that my heart flame of Love and Wisdom and Grace, Love Will and Grace is the great triangulation that produces victory, and so I say to you dear hearts it is my own heart flame desire that these years that are ahead of you they are your years of becoming, your years of becoming your True Self, your years dedicated to being raised up and out of the human condition, being raised up and out of the human consciousness, the duality, the belief in good the belief in evil and all the conditions that consciousness creates.
The path of Resurrection is a path of great joy sealed in great activities the Goddesses will come forth to offer all of you, it is the most joyous path, it is a wonderful path. And in these final weeks that for all of you represent the end of the ages of awakening, may each of you hold a candle of such Great God Gratitude and anticipation that your journey of awakening is complete and that each of you are quietly and sometimes not so quietly welcoming these great days ahead of becoming your True Self I AM on the Earth.
And may you enjoy the years of becoming, may you enjoy the shedding off of the last of the human consciousness, may you enjoy glimpses in which your whole mind is at such peace, where the Great Light of the Christ is shining in and you begin to experience omniscience and all-knowingness in moments of great peace and harmony, even though the Resurrection is not yet complete.
It is the greatest of all journeys dear hearts and I welcome you all to this wonderful journey that is ahead.
As with all conclaves as the students sealed the Diamond Heart Conclave all the energies not only the energies and gifts of the Ascended Host, the Angelic Host that were given, the energies expressed by all the students all throughout the weekend, I took up to my temple in the fifth dimension where those energies were held first in the Cosmic Christ Blue Flame, then the Violet Flame, then the Golden Flame of All-Christ Illumination and then finally charged with my own Rose Pink Flame of Divine Love Will and Grace that was held and sustained and expanded and amplified, and then some of that, half of it actually was sent to the larger student body around the world.
So as you precious hearts are listening or hearing of this, remember that all the energies of conclave are available to all of you and remember the power of your attention is to focus your attention upon that Diamond Heart Conclave and all the gifts that were given, and take a deep breath and command yourself open and receive, be still for about five minutes and just open and receive all the expanded energies of the Diamond Heart Conclave.
Do this for five minutes a day for seven days, and this includes all of you dear hearts who attended the conclave as well.
And that will serve a great blessing.Because of what I have seen accomplished in the Diamond Heart Conclave in not having the Saturday evenings and rather having the group all go out for dinner together, and holding the conclave all the way ‘til 6 p.m. on Sunday which is different than the other three conclaves. In the other three conclaves there is a supper break and then we generally return the Saturday evening, 7 until 10 p.m. and then the conclave on Sunday starts to conclude around 4 p.m. And I am dear hearts saying ‘yes’ to inquiries made by the students who just love the hours of the Montreal Conclave and who love being able to go out together on the Saturday evening, and then, having the Sunday last a little longer to make up for that.
And so I am saying ‘yes’ to those students who’ve asked if that was possible and I’m saying ‘yes’ to the messengers who enquired if this was something that I’d like to do. And so for all the conclaves now our conclaves will complete around 5:30 on the Saturday, have a little bit of a break there so that people can gather within a couple of hours for a wonderful Saturday evening dinner together, yes? However, do understand that the conclave on the Sunday will go all the way to 6 p.m. and I say that because I know that sometimes, and I know that a lot of students have corrected this, sometimes the student’s flight itineraries to their homes means they have to leave around 4 or 5 ‘o clock on the Sunday.
Now also understand that this is where perhaps two years ago 20 to 30 students had to leave around 4 ‘o clock; this time it was only 5 that had to leave, so I know the students already are adjusting and making sure that they’re not flying out on Sunday at 4 or 5 ‘o clock. So the Sunday’s will be a full day all the way to 6 p .m.And so I announce that these changes will be made at the conclave because again, with all the Ascended Master guests and blessings that are given its so important dear hearts for you to be able to integrate those blessings, and being with your spiritual family and getting out and having a social time and some good fun is a wonderful way of integrating.
And finally I have a message that’s not for you yet it is through your consciousness that I send a message to people in the outer world who sometimes offer criticism in which your attention is held upon the higher activities of life.
You see dear hearts nothing is as hidden from an Ascended Being and we even hear sometimes criticisms within this student body that sometimes that the attention is held upon two high-minded ideals and activities of the Light that are so sublime that matters of integrating or living that in the outer life are not a reality. And I say to – do you understand what I’m saying?
And I say to you dear hearts that a lot of nonsense because when you consider the hundreds of embodiments where the attention is turned downwards, where the attention is turned upwards, the amount of time that we have with you and the amount of time on your own time when you turn your attention upwards to the great activities of Life that are offered, I just say dear hearts you just can’t get enough of that Greater Activity. And so it seems I’ve taken most of my time so let me say this dear hearts; I don’t wish any of you to have a positive shock.
Sometimes a positive shock can throw you out of balance a little, even when you hear something that is a negative shock. So I’m going to say something to you now in light of the health and wellness workshop that is coming. The physical body is going to change dramatically even for those not awakening and on a spiritual path.
For those who are in children today, those who are in their teenage years, those that are in their 20’s, if, if - a qualifier there, if everything continues the advancement in science, if those on the Earth awakened and going through their Resurrection continue to be a bridge that draws more of the Sacred Fire onto the Earth, the great discoveries of re-building the human cell will be so amazing that I say to you do not let it shock you if within 30 years it is possible for those who are coming in as children, those who are teenagers and in their 20’s have the potential based on the current, current information, based on the current changes the current discoveries and based on good and health and wealthy living that those ones that I’ve just identified could live up to 1500 years in the physical body.
We have got to shock the body dear heart, but in a gentle harmonious way, to open your consciousness – forgive me – we have got to shock your consciousness not your body, that’s what I meant by it. It’s getting your consciousness used to so many profound ideas. Part of the Health and Wellness Workshop will include identifying that which is for those of you who are in the 30’s to 60-70-80’s in the physical garment, what you can do to support various avenues of the most strong immune systems. Now there are many different things that you can use to offer your physical garments profound immunity and this is part of the Health and Wellness Workshop, to help you realize that for one person, one thing may be very good that just charges the immune system and stops the destruction of the human cell, whereas for another individual there may be something else that charges the immune system.
Do you understand? And if we can get the immune system so charged, and if we can get that which is the liquid light restored in the nerve channels of your physical garments, and if we can get the rejuvenation of the human cells which is well started with the Resveretrol and the Ubiquinol and if we can get a new chemistry of balance in the human brain that is so required with the Melatonin.
And then if you can include in that chain what offers you the kind of surges of such feeling of wellbeing.
Sometimes you have to interview those who have a love of sports in which at the top of their hour in their sports they feel so wonderful and perhaps one who has been out surfing or on a surfboard and has surfed the ocean waves and comes off the surfboard just feeling so charged, so full of life, so full of energy .
That’s your Vitamin D3, that’s what Vitamin D3 does in the physical garment. And finally, there is an alert even in the medical community and especially with young people that are seriously having such minimum D3 supporting their physical garments and the reason for that is too much time in front of the computers and not enough time out in the sun. And then in places where there is large pollution the Vitamin D3 that the sun can offer is not getting into the body for those who do get into the sun.
So I say this dear heart; as you’ve already heard these Wednesday transmissions they’re going to change in October because all of our other classes, workshops and conclaves are dedicated to getting you ready for 2012, assisting you to be an Untouchable where that which is in the world cannot touch you; assist in bringing forth advanced knowledge for the Path of Becoming and Resurrection, and that is so vital.Yet what is equally important is the foundation, the foundation must be looked after if we’re going to take you up.
The foundation is what these weekly transmissions are about which is also in the way they will change in October, be perfect for those who are stepping in to their awakening .
Those who will be new, for thousands of new people or people new to our dispensation will come and will start on the Wednesdays yes? And so all the Wednesdays will be about – and this is why the next three workshops that take us into October, and October is where the format of the weekly transmissions change that these three workshop environments, ‘Health and Wellness’, and ‘Living an Abundant Spiritual Life’, this is what the Wednesday transmissions will all be about and they will include come October, both messengers on the Wednesday transmissions.
And its supporting all the ways, its about – the Wednesdays will be about the daily living because if you cannot live the daily living and be in your joy, be in your health, be in your abundance, then the absence of those will take away from your ability to become your True Self because they will, the absence of those will be a distraction and that’s why the Wednesday weekly transmissions will be of growing importance.
And I am so grateful that messenger number two will join on the weekly transmissions, and wait ‘til you see what he’s got planned for you dear hearts. Even he is not quite certain yet, yet I’m sure with my loving guidance he will be.
And so dear hearts to live well, to live happy, to live carrying your spiritual candle flames so lit. And Joy, Joy is so important. I thank you.
God bless you dear hearts
The Ascended Master Akasha form the weekly messages
August 18, 2010
☀☯♪♥ N ҉ A ҉ M ҉ A ҉ S ҉ T ҉ E ♥♪☯☀~
For more info about the weekly messages click here : http://www.akashaonline.com/Subscribe_MonthlyMessages.php
or here:
http://www.akashaonline.com/gallery/product_list_nophotos.php?section=onlinestore&pid=559
For more info about the Diamond heart conclave August 2010 click here :
http://www.akashaonline.com/gallery/prod_detail-a.php?section&prodid=1116
Discourse Copyright Radiant Rose Academy of Mystical Arts , Science and Technologies
´¯`•.☆Sending you ☆.•´¯`•.☆
♥´¯) ¸.☆´¯)Love and Light♥ ☆´´¯•.¸¸.☆`☆
Inc.201-2726 Spruce St.Vancouver, BC. Canada, V6H 2R2
Office Hours: 10 am to 6 pm
Pacific Standard TimeTelephone: 604-267-0985
Direct your inquiries to one of the following Email addresses:
General Inquiries » angels@akashaonline.com
Downloads, Products & Purchases » orders@akashaonline.com
Personal Audience » audience@akashaonline.com
Follow us in youtube :The Radiant Rose Academy http://www.youtube.com/user/Shamalea1
Para traducir en español , corta y pega el texto y haz click en el link .
To translate: copy, paste the text and click here : http://translate.google.com/?sl
¯`v´¯)
`*.¸.*´ ¸.•´¸.•*¨`*. ¸.•*¨*.¸¸.•*¨`*•
(¸¸¸.•*¨`*•.•´*.¸.•´* .•´*¸¸.•*¨`*• ♥♥♥ Miracles of Light on your way ♥
KOmentar:
Ascended Master's Gifts Well Blessed Hearts, a new day has dawned and after many centuries of awakening to our true ‘I AM’ God Nature, a new path, a time of resurrection into our higher Christ Consciousness has arrived. May this great new journey be the most joyfu...l and wondrous adventure of all the lifetimes you have ever lived upon this Earth. May you become such a Glorious Sun’s Presence of Light, Light, Light, and Love, Love, Love, a Blazing Miracle Presence to all life upon this Beloved Planet. Let the new journey, The Great Path of Becoming the Beloved ‘I AM’ that you are, proceed with a Mighty Flame of Enthusiasm, Inspiration, Joy, Perfection, and Abundance fully active and in Divine Expression in each of you. May your Presence, Beloved Akasha and Asun, and all the Ascended and Angelic Host and all Activities of the Sacred Fire be fully present throughout this great new path you have chosen.Prikaži več
sreda, 28. april 2010
sobota, 24. april 2010
Tips to Find Your Soulmate
Tips to Find Your Soulmate
Attracting your soulmate
by Daina Hulet
Print Send to a Friend ShareThisIf you're not one to wait for the universe to take its sweet time, then it's important to know what kind of person you are in order to find your best strategy for finding a soulmate, tells Tammy ext. 9380. "If you are inclined to pursue, then get active, get out there and make sure you are in all kinds of places that speak to your heart. If you attract people to you, visualize them and listen for inner guidance."
Be open to dreams and signs and the universe will guide you to your soulmate, Meryl ext. 9376 believes, as does psychic Becky ext. 9605, who at age 34 recently met her soulmate online. "Use your intuition when meeting people. Don't assume that everyone is your potential soulmate. Never force or be forced to connect with someone. When the universe brings this person to you, you will both feel it without a doubt. I've had soulful connections before, I've been proposed to… but I've never felt butterflies in my feet. What a feeling!"
Our psychics, who believe in being proactive in seeking out a soulmate, suggest creating a love list - a wish list of characteristics, wants and inner needs you'd like to attract. Write it in the present tense and then release it to the universe. When you wake up in the morning, grab your list and say out loud, "Today as I go about my day I am open to meet the perfect person for me with the following qualities…"Then read your list. When you finish, affirm,"I am open to meet this person and have them love me as much as I love them." Do it every day for at least one lunar cycle, or 28 days.
From the intuitive point of view that there is nothing we can do to make the other person come to us in a flash, our psychics' consensus is to just stop looking - desperation tends to send soulmates running. Stay out of the universe's way. When we try to orchestrate things ourselves, we often end up delaying the process or settling for second best. Instead, put yourself "in the meantime." It's a place of self-improvement, finding one's niche and becoming the person that the universe wants us to be. "Through cultivation of our spirit-filled path and the ability to be complete and happy, we draw our soulmate to us."
Jonathan ext. 9601 agrees, "If you cannot find happiness and contentment within yourself, there is nothing that can bring it to you. Your soulmate will not be drawn to you unless (and until!) you are content with yourself. Content souls meant to be together will find each other."
When a soul is ready to find a mate, and the universal timing is imminent, psychics have various ways of reading the meeting. "I can see a pink light around the caller and the person they are meant to be with. I can also sense a giving, loving feeling emanating from the other person. It's a definite draw, like two magnets," describes Ariel ext. 9775 .
One of my favorite readings is a "soulmate sighting" says Tammy. "Working with the caller's name and general location I look around them Clairvoyantly and see who shows up!"
Whether you meet your soulmate after intentionally working to attract them, or bump into them right outside your front door… the relationship only begins there. All relationships require work, even when they're made up of two like souls who love and respect each other.
Attracting your soulmate
by Daina Hulet
Print Send to a Friend ShareThisIf you're not one to wait for the universe to take its sweet time, then it's important to know what kind of person you are in order to find your best strategy for finding a soulmate, tells Tammy ext. 9380. "If you are inclined to pursue, then get active, get out there and make sure you are in all kinds of places that speak to your heart. If you attract people to you, visualize them and listen for inner guidance."
Be open to dreams and signs and the universe will guide you to your soulmate, Meryl ext. 9376 believes, as does psychic Becky ext. 9605, who at age 34 recently met her soulmate online. "Use your intuition when meeting people. Don't assume that everyone is your potential soulmate. Never force or be forced to connect with someone. When the universe brings this person to you, you will both feel it without a doubt. I've had soulful connections before, I've been proposed to… but I've never felt butterflies in my feet. What a feeling!"
Our psychics, who believe in being proactive in seeking out a soulmate, suggest creating a love list - a wish list of characteristics, wants and inner needs you'd like to attract. Write it in the present tense and then release it to the universe. When you wake up in the morning, grab your list and say out loud, "Today as I go about my day I am open to meet the perfect person for me with the following qualities…"Then read your list. When you finish, affirm,"I am open to meet this person and have them love me as much as I love them." Do it every day for at least one lunar cycle, or 28 days.
From the intuitive point of view that there is nothing we can do to make the other person come to us in a flash, our psychics' consensus is to just stop looking - desperation tends to send soulmates running. Stay out of the universe's way. When we try to orchestrate things ourselves, we often end up delaying the process or settling for second best. Instead, put yourself "in the meantime." It's a place of self-improvement, finding one's niche and becoming the person that the universe wants us to be. "Through cultivation of our spirit-filled path and the ability to be complete and happy, we draw our soulmate to us."
Jonathan ext. 9601 agrees, "If you cannot find happiness and contentment within yourself, there is nothing that can bring it to you. Your soulmate will not be drawn to you unless (and until!) you are content with yourself. Content souls meant to be together will find each other."
When a soul is ready to find a mate, and the universal timing is imminent, psychics have various ways of reading the meeting. "I can see a pink light around the caller and the person they are meant to be with. I can also sense a giving, loving feeling emanating from the other person. It's a definite draw, like two magnets," describes Ariel ext. 9775 .
One of my favorite readings is a "soulmate sighting" says Tammy. "Working with the caller's name and general location I look around them Clairvoyantly and see who shows up!"
Whether you meet your soulmate after intentionally working to attract them, or bump into them right outside your front door… the relationship only begins there. All relationships require work, even when they're made up of two like souls who love and respect each other.
How to build your bond
How to build your bond
by Eric J. Leech
Print Send to a Friend ShareThisThe seven stages of relationship development are a challenging yet necessary part of life. There's passionate love, discovery, commitment, power struggles, stability and growth, romantic love, and finally -- crisis and recovery. In order to foster a better relationship, it helps to be able to identify your current stage, understand why its importance, and know what you must do to break through to the next level. Let's look at the seven stages in detail.
Stage 1: Passionate Love
This is what most people think when they imagine young or destined love. Birds are chirping, the glass is half full, and the "love" chemicals (dopamine and phenylethalymine) have engorged the neural pathways of the brain, making you feel happy, invincible, and on top of the world. This stage often begins on the first date, and ends the day you see the person for who they really are (good or bad). To move past this honeymoon stage, don't allow the "high" to cloud your judgment about the person you're dating (i.e. an incompatible partner). Most broken hearts stemming from this stage belong to lovers who failed to see the writing on the wall.
Stage 2: Discovery
Under certain circumstances, such as when you've found your compatible soulmate, discovery can be a wonderful experience, but more than likely it will be a time of discouragement. As relationships wear on, the love chemicals in the brain begin to dry up along with our perfect perceptions of the person we're with. The person we once thought was flawless is actually human, complete with strange quirks, bad habits, and differing view points. The key to getting past this stage is discovering what it is you truly need from your partner, while learning to let go of all the little nit picky things that don't matter.
Stage 3: Commitment
We emerge from discovery with a new understanding of our partner. This stage offers security and confidence that we're with the right person, and we settle down into a committed relationship. Commitment is a wonderful change from the jealousy and/or uncertainty of stages 1 and 2, but we now have a new enemy -- monotony and boredom. Many couples become so relaxed, they forget to maintain their relationship with a dose of romance and surprise. The most effective way to push through this stage is to learn how to communicate effectively.
Stage 4: Power Struggles
Occasionally, a power struggle can occur before making a commitment. To secure a meaningful outcome, each partner must exhibit a certain level of ownership to their relationship. In stage three we were working on our partnership, and in stage four, we're rediscovering our individuality and ability to control the relationship. Perhaps you've been fishing because your partner enjoys it, but now you'd like them to do some of the things you enjoy. Perhaps they want the kitchen to be blue, but you'd much prefer red. The key to working through these types of arguments is to recognize and respect individuality, and the best way to do this is by compromise.
Stage 5: Growth & Stability
The fifth stage consists of an intimacy growth spurt, coupled with a sense of renewed stability. They say that shared trauma can bring star-crossed lovers together, and in stage five, the relationship that was once in turmoil, has now become reconnected by the common goal of helping each other grow both as individuals and partners. It's here we learn some of the ways we have sabotaged relationships in the past, and now we learn to change those behaviors. This is a stage you can enjoy working through at your leisure, but be careful not to fall victim to resentment which can occur when we overly compromise to meet the needs/dreams of a partner, without communicating our own expectations.
Stage 6: Romantic Love
If you thought that young love was wonderful, wait until you've experienced mature love. Couples who have been together long enough to work though the first five stages of a relationship know the difference between passionate and romantic love. Passionate love is built from obsession, sexual longing, and jealousy -- while romantic love comes from comfort, communication, sexual chemistry, and security. The most difficult portion of this stage is keeping up the maintenance necessary to propel this level of advanced communication and intimacy. It's easy to slip into a lower stage once a crisis evolves.
Stage 7: Crisis and Recovery
This stage can occur anytime, but due to its advanced nature, it will be considered the final stage of a relationship. A crisis could be considered an illness, job loss, death of a child, or an affair. Recovery lies in resisting the urge to take these frustrations out on each other, by taking on both roles of caretaker and patient. A crisis is equaling draining on both partners, therefore it's important to be available to give and receive. The good news is, if you recover you will have gained valuable team building experience that will enable you to take on any further challenges life has to offer.
by Eric J. Leech
Print Send to a Friend ShareThisThe seven stages of relationship development are a challenging yet necessary part of life. There's passionate love, discovery, commitment, power struggles, stability and growth, romantic love, and finally -- crisis and recovery. In order to foster a better relationship, it helps to be able to identify your current stage, understand why its importance, and know what you must do to break through to the next level. Let's look at the seven stages in detail.
Stage 1: Passionate Love
This is what most people think when they imagine young or destined love. Birds are chirping, the glass is half full, and the "love" chemicals (dopamine and phenylethalymine) have engorged the neural pathways of the brain, making you feel happy, invincible, and on top of the world. This stage often begins on the first date, and ends the day you see the person for who they really are (good or bad). To move past this honeymoon stage, don't allow the "high" to cloud your judgment about the person you're dating (i.e. an incompatible partner). Most broken hearts stemming from this stage belong to lovers who failed to see the writing on the wall.
Stage 2: Discovery
Under certain circumstances, such as when you've found your compatible soulmate, discovery can be a wonderful experience, but more than likely it will be a time of discouragement. As relationships wear on, the love chemicals in the brain begin to dry up along with our perfect perceptions of the person we're with. The person we once thought was flawless is actually human, complete with strange quirks, bad habits, and differing view points. The key to getting past this stage is discovering what it is you truly need from your partner, while learning to let go of all the little nit picky things that don't matter.
Stage 3: Commitment
We emerge from discovery with a new understanding of our partner. This stage offers security and confidence that we're with the right person, and we settle down into a committed relationship. Commitment is a wonderful change from the jealousy and/or uncertainty of stages 1 and 2, but we now have a new enemy -- monotony and boredom. Many couples become so relaxed, they forget to maintain their relationship with a dose of romance and surprise. The most effective way to push through this stage is to learn how to communicate effectively.
Stage 4: Power Struggles
Occasionally, a power struggle can occur before making a commitment. To secure a meaningful outcome, each partner must exhibit a certain level of ownership to their relationship. In stage three we were working on our partnership, and in stage four, we're rediscovering our individuality and ability to control the relationship. Perhaps you've been fishing because your partner enjoys it, but now you'd like them to do some of the things you enjoy. Perhaps they want the kitchen to be blue, but you'd much prefer red. The key to working through these types of arguments is to recognize and respect individuality, and the best way to do this is by compromise.
Stage 5: Growth & Stability
The fifth stage consists of an intimacy growth spurt, coupled with a sense of renewed stability. They say that shared trauma can bring star-crossed lovers together, and in stage five, the relationship that was once in turmoil, has now become reconnected by the common goal of helping each other grow both as individuals and partners. It's here we learn some of the ways we have sabotaged relationships in the past, and now we learn to change those behaviors. This is a stage you can enjoy working through at your leisure, but be careful not to fall victim to resentment which can occur when we overly compromise to meet the needs/dreams of a partner, without communicating our own expectations.
Stage 6: Romantic Love
If you thought that young love was wonderful, wait until you've experienced mature love. Couples who have been together long enough to work though the first five stages of a relationship know the difference between passionate and romantic love. Passionate love is built from obsession, sexual longing, and jealousy -- while romantic love comes from comfort, communication, sexual chemistry, and security. The most difficult portion of this stage is keeping up the maintenance necessary to propel this level of advanced communication and intimacy. It's easy to slip into a lower stage once a crisis evolves.
Stage 7: Crisis and Recovery
This stage can occur anytime, but due to its advanced nature, it will be considered the final stage of a relationship. A crisis could be considered an illness, job loss, death of a child, or an affair. Recovery lies in resisting the urge to take these frustrations out on each other, by taking on both roles of caretaker and patient. A crisis is equaling draining on both partners, therefore it's important to be available to give and receive. The good news is, if you recover you will have gained valuable team building experience that will enable you to take on any further challenges life has to offer.
Venus Enters Gemini From April 24 through May 19, 2010
Venus Enters Gemini
Get your FLIRT on!
by Cortney Litwin
It's time to access your inner flirt and have some fun! From April 24 through May 19, 2010, Venus will be jaunting through Gemini, the sign of witty repartee. It can heighten your desire for a brain-to-brain connection with your sweetie, or a desire to attract someone who's cerebrally in tune with you. Lively flirting, insightful discussions, journaling, networking, romantic trips and verbalizing your desires are all favored by Venus in Gemini. For more specifics on how to use this influence to spice up your love life, read your Sun and the ascendant signs below.
Aries: Now is an excellent time to share your feelings because your flair for words is especially strong. Expressing your humor and knowledge will attract admirers. Networking is an especially effective way to meet a potential lover and/or new friends. You're also likely to meet someone during a class or trip. Traveling with friends can bring delight as well.
Taurus: Setting aside your usual reserve and expressing your heart and mind will heighten your confidence and inspire a romantic interlude as well. Discussing what's important to you can deepen your relationship or help you attract someone compatible. A little verbal naughtiness will accentuate your sensuality and make you irresistible!
Gemini: Venus traveling through your sign amplifies your natural flirtatiousness, making you a magnet for multiple admirers. If you're involved, shared activities and intellectual pursuits will bring you closer together. If you're solo, look for romance during social activities. You might just let someone capture your heart, if they're fascinating enough to hold your interest!
Cancer: Your emotionalism gets a lift from airy Venus in Gemini, bringing out your inner comedian (we know it's there!). Expressing your feelings in a sincere but light-hearted way will inspire romance. A quiet setting can inspire/deepen love, too. Reminiscing about the past may bring a surprising insight that sheds light on your relationship patterns.
Leo: Lions turn into social butterflies during Venus in Gemini. Spending time with friends who connect with your heart will bring satisfaction. Group activities can produce a romantic prospect, or a friend might match you up with someone special. Getting involved in a community project may bring a romantic interlude, too!
Virgo: Because both Virgo and Gemini are ruled by Mercury, the planet of intellect, your natural powers of perception are heightened now. People will be drawn to your acumen and expertise, not to mention the lofty mystique that surrounds you, so put yourself out there and share who you are! If you're solo, look for romance during career-related activities.
Libra: Venus in Gemini launches your charm into the stratosphere. There's very little you can do wrong in the romance arena now, unless you hide your light in a dark corner instead of letting it shine on those you love (or potentially love). Romance can be found online or during spiritual, cultural or educational activities.
Scorpio: Venus in Gemini arises from the depths of your psyche to put a playful spin on love. Now is not the time for tumultuous trysts -- strive to lighten up and enjoy the moment. Intimacy will be tied to your intellect. As such, naughty verbal exchanges and erotic literature can heighten the bliss between the sheets.
Sagittarius: Archers will feel the love of Venus in their partnership sector. Enjoying some quality one-on-one time with your sweetie is a must. If you're solo, you'll have an easier time meeting someone compatible, if you don't let commitment phobia fend off love. Getting clear about what you want in a relationship will help you manifest a partner.
Capricorn: Mixing the social sparkle of Venus in Gemini with your grounded, sensual nature will bring romance to your doorstep. Offering your assistance to someone in need, whether it's a friend or charity group, may bring in a potential lover. If you're already involved, working together on a project will energize your relationship.
Aquarius: Your brainy brilliance blooms during Venus in Gemini, which is energizing your romance sector -- lucky you! If you find yourself with too many lovers but too little time, try being pickier, so you can experience more depth in love. Of course, exploring the depths of lusty encounters by being creative in the boudoir will bring satisfaction too.
Pisces: Venus in Gemini brings out your inner guru, making you a magnet for those who appreciate your intelligence and insightfulness. As such, sharing your wisdom with others can bring romance. You might meet a potential lover through a family member, too. Hosting a bash at your abode (or a cozy date for two) will bring fulfillment.
Cortney
Get your FLIRT on!
by Cortney Litwin
It's time to access your inner flirt and have some fun! From April 24 through May 19, 2010, Venus will be jaunting through Gemini, the sign of witty repartee. It can heighten your desire for a brain-to-brain connection with your sweetie, or a desire to attract someone who's cerebrally in tune with you. Lively flirting, insightful discussions, journaling, networking, romantic trips and verbalizing your desires are all favored by Venus in Gemini. For more specifics on how to use this influence to spice up your love life, read your Sun and the ascendant signs below.
Aries: Now is an excellent time to share your feelings because your flair for words is especially strong. Expressing your humor and knowledge will attract admirers. Networking is an especially effective way to meet a potential lover and/or new friends. You're also likely to meet someone during a class or trip. Traveling with friends can bring delight as well.
Taurus: Setting aside your usual reserve and expressing your heart and mind will heighten your confidence and inspire a romantic interlude as well. Discussing what's important to you can deepen your relationship or help you attract someone compatible. A little verbal naughtiness will accentuate your sensuality and make you irresistible!
Gemini: Venus traveling through your sign amplifies your natural flirtatiousness, making you a magnet for multiple admirers. If you're involved, shared activities and intellectual pursuits will bring you closer together. If you're solo, look for romance during social activities. You might just let someone capture your heart, if they're fascinating enough to hold your interest!
Cancer: Your emotionalism gets a lift from airy Venus in Gemini, bringing out your inner comedian (we know it's there!). Expressing your feelings in a sincere but light-hearted way will inspire romance. A quiet setting can inspire/deepen love, too. Reminiscing about the past may bring a surprising insight that sheds light on your relationship patterns.
Leo: Lions turn into social butterflies during Venus in Gemini. Spending time with friends who connect with your heart will bring satisfaction. Group activities can produce a romantic prospect, or a friend might match you up with someone special. Getting involved in a community project may bring a romantic interlude, too!
Virgo: Because both Virgo and Gemini are ruled by Mercury, the planet of intellect, your natural powers of perception are heightened now. People will be drawn to your acumen and expertise, not to mention the lofty mystique that surrounds you, so put yourself out there and share who you are! If you're solo, look for romance during career-related activities.
Libra: Venus in Gemini launches your charm into the stratosphere. There's very little you can do wrong in the romance arena now, unless you hide your light in a dark corner instead of letting it shine on those you love (or potentially love). Romance can be found online or during spiritual, cultural or educational activities.
Scorpio: Venus in Gemini arises from the depths of your psyche to put a playful spin on love. Now is not the time for tumultuous trysts -- strive to lighten up and enjoy the moment. Intimacy will be tied to your intellect. As such, naughty verbal exchanges and erotic literature can heighten the bliss between the sheets.
Sagittarius: Archers will feel the love of Venus in their partnership sector. Enjoying some quality one-on-one time with your sweetie is a must. If you're solo, you'll have an easier time meeting someone compatible, if you don't let commitment phobia fend off love. Getting clear about what you want in a relationship will help you manifest a partner.
Capricorn: Mixing the social sparkle of Venus in Gemini with your grounded, sensual nature will bring romance to your doorstep. Offering your assistance to someone in need, whether it's a friend or charity group, may bring in a potential lover. If you're already involved, working together on a project will energize your relationship.
Aquarius: Your brainy brilliance blooms during Venus in Gemini, which is energizing your romance sector -- lucky you! If you find yourself with too many lovers but too little time, try being pickier, so you can experience more depth in love. Of course, exploring the depths of lusty encounters by being creative in the boudoir will bring satisfaction too.
Pisces: Venus in Gemini brings out your inner guru, making you a magnet for those who appreciate your intelligence and insightfulness. As such, sharing your wisdom with others can bring romance. You might meet a potential lover through a family member, too. Hosting a bash at your abode (or a cozy date for two) will bring fulfillment.
Cortney
zanimiva naključja...
Chinese Horoscope 2010 - Ox
Love
You'll feel strongly attracted to intriguing situations and towards people who aren't available or ready for a stable relationship. You'll feel physical attraction towards new encounters in summer but watch out you don't confuse your feelings for True Love as disappointments are inevitable.
Work
January and February could be tiring, bringing problems and susceptibility. However, by being intelligent and shrewd, you'll be able to promote the situations which interest you. Try to save a little in winter to put some cash away for a rainy day. Don't put off finding solutions to work problems - your motto should be "Do today what you could do tomorrow!"
Health
You can expect a year of considerable psychophysical well-being. Look carefully at the energetic quality of your house. In winter, use rose water and in spring, change to musk; in summer, douse yourself in honeysuckle and in winter, sandalwood.
Chinese Horoscope 2010 - Dog Goran sonček ...lev(-ček ;)) ;)
Love
Expect a year where your blood will flow tumultuously! Love will turn your life upside down. In February, you will meet your soul mate. A wedding is on the cards! Those who are already married will miss how they felt when they were teenagers. The relationship will have a new lease of life thanks to really constructive dialog.
Work
If you are self employed, the Stars will help your income increase. In May, some difficulties could occur to those who work with abroad. Beware of the hidden dangers of October as a co-worker or associate could force you to take on more responsibility than you should.
Health
You'll have great psychophysical energy for most of the year, apart from a little vulnerability to the winter's typical illnesses.
Love
You'll feel strongly attracted to intriguing situations and towards people who aren't available or ready for a stable relationship. You'll feel physical attraction towards new encounters in summer but watch out you don't confuse your feelings for True Love as disappointments are inevitable.
Work
January and February could be tiring, bringing problems and susceptibility. However, by being intelligent and shrewd, you'll be able to promote the situations which interest you. Try to save a little in winter to put some cash away for a rainy day. Don't put off finding solutions to work problems - your motto should be "Do today what you could do tomorrow!"
Health
You can expect a year of considerable psychophysical well-being. Look carefully at the energetic quality of your house. In winter, use rose water and in spring, change to musk; in summer, douse yourself in honeysuckle and in winter, sandalwood.
Chinese Horoscope 2010 - Dog Goran sonček ...lev(-ček ;)) ;)
Love
Expect a year where your blood will flow tumultuously! Love will turn your life upside down. In February, you will meet your soul mate. A wedding is on the cards! Those who are already married will miss how they felt when they were teenagers. The relationship will have a new lease of life thanks to really constructive dialog.
Work
If you are self employed, the Stars will help your income increase. In May, some difficulties could occur to those who work with abroad. Beware of the hidden dangers of October as a co-worker or associate could force you to take on more responsibility than you should.
Health
You'll have great psychophysical energy for most of the year, apart from a little vulnerability to the winter's typical illnesses.
petek, 23. april 2010
Schiller mit Heppner - Dream of You(live)
od srca do srca...od duše do duše...pa naj je od enega do drugega konca sveta,če že mora biti...zaenkrat ;)
ponedeljek, 19. april 2010
nedelja, 18. april 2010
nedelja, 11. april 2010
A Free Numerology Reading Form
(Free numerology reading from Affinity)
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petek, 19. marec 2010
Death —and the Seduction of Despair
At the end of his seminar, Lacan says that “a letter always arrives at its destination.” Well, this may not be exactly true in today’s world regarding letters delivered by the local post office, but it is true in regard to letters—signifiers—in the unconscious. A signifier always arrives at its unconscious destination. And here is where death and repetition are joined. For there is always one dark part of the unconscious—call it an “ego state”—which knows the truth about the worthlessness of its own social identifications. And no matter how much we may employ our vain defenses to hide our despair about the emptiness of social constructs, everything comes back to this part which “knows.”
And what exactly does it know? It “knows” death. It knows the haunting reality that stands before us all with the power to wipe away in an instant everything we think we are. And, for children of dysfunctional families, it knows the unspoken but constant thought that dances though their heads: “You don’t deserve to live and so it would be better for others if you were dead.”
We dance round in a ring and suppose,
But the Secret sits in the middle and knows.
—Robert Frost-
The secret—this ugly treasure of a dark ego state—sits quietly as our defenses dance round it in repetitive, unwitting homage.
From this dark place, therefore, come all addictions. All the alcohol and drugs, all the gambling, all the cigarettes, all the sports, all the shopping, all the fashion, all the television, all the entertainment, all the gluttony, all the sex that masquerades as love—all the perversions—come from this place as a way, like a vampire, to suck vicarious life from the world around you.
From this dark place comes all prejudice, as a way to puff up your own value by demeaning others.
From this dark place comes the urge to respond to hurt and insult with pride and revenge, as a way to hurt others as you have been hurt.
From this dark place comes the urge to savor the taste of death by taking risks. The thrill of an adrenaline “rush” or the social “status” of making yourself seen as a rebel serves as a flash of illusion to hide your own dark emptiness—or, in the case of adolescents, the spiritual emptiness of your family.
From this dark place comes the sly grin of disobedience, as a way to scorn the world that scorns your humanity when you are made into a mere pawn of consumerism.
From this dark place comes the preoccupation with medical problems (as in Somatization Disorder and Hypochondriasis). The constant attention you receive through medical treatment becomes a way to fill up the emptiness of feeling that you “shouldn’t be alive.” But as long as your inner despair remains unconscious—and untreated psychologically—all the time and money spent on medical care is like pouring water into a sieve.
From this dark place comes all masochistic self-sabotage, whereby you manage to mess things up just as you have the chance to succeed. You procrastinate, you miss a deadline, you fail to follow directions, you get lost on the way to an appointment, you forget to mail an important letter, and so on.
From this dark place comes the impulse to self-mutilation.
From this dark place comes all suicide.
Note that child abuse does not actually cause this dark despair, but the abuse can amplify the belief that you are nothing but “garbage” to be used for someone’s sexual pleasure—a piece of flesh to be used and then discarded like trash. And the usual unconscious psychological defense against this despair is to actually make yourself into a piece of sexual garbage. Think about it. Most prostitutes were sexually abused as children. Does that say enough?
Yes, the secret sits in the middle and knows. And a dark part of us cries out in pain as the seduction of our despair—ceaselessly and repetitively—returns unto it.
And what exactly does it know? It “knows” death. It knows the haunting reality that stands before us all with the power to wipe away in an instant everything we think we are. And, for children of dysfunctional families, it knows the unspoken but constant thought that dances though their heads: “You don’t deserve to live and so it would be better for others if you were dead.”
We dance round in a ring and suppose,
But the Secret sits in the middle and knows.
—Robert Frost-
The secret—this ugly treasure of a dark ego state—sits quietly as our defenses dance round it in repetitive, unwitting homage.
From this dark place, therefore, come all addictions. All the alcohol and drugs, all the gambling, all the cigarettes, all the sports, all the shopping, all the fashion, all the television, all the entertainment, all the gluttony, all the sex that masquerades as love—all the perversions—come from this place as a way, like a vampire, to suck vicarious life from the world around you.
From this dark place comes all prejudice, as a way to puff up your own value by demeaning others.
From this dark place comes the urge to respond to hurt and insult with pride and revenge, as a way to hurt others as you have been hurt.
From this dark place comes the urge to savor the taste of death by taking risks. The thrill of an adrenaline “rush” or the social “status” of making yourself seen as a rebel serves as a flash of illusion to hide your own dark emptiness—or, in the case of adolescents, the spiritual emptiness of your family.
From this dark place comes the sly grin of disobedience, as a way to scorn the world that scorns your humanity when you are made into a mere pawn of consumerism.
From this dark place comes the preoccupation with medical problems (as in Somatization Disorder and Hypochondriasis). The constant attention you receive through medical treatment becomes a way to fill up the emptiness of feeling that you “shouldn’t be alive.” But as long as your inner despair remains unconscious—and untreated psychologically—all the time and money spent on medical care is like pouring water into a sieve.
From this dark place comes all masochistic self-sabotage, whereby you manage to mess things up just as you have the chance to succeed. You procrastinate, you miss a deadline, you fail to follow directions, you get lost on the way to an appointment, you forget to mail an important letter, and so on.
From this dark place comes the impulse to self-mutilation.
From this dark place comes all suicide.
Note that child abuse does not actually cause this dark despair, but the abuse can amplify the belief that you are nothing but “garbage” to be used for someone’s sexual pleasure—a piece of flesh to be used and then discarded like trash. And the usual unconscious psychological defense against this despair is to actually make yourself into a piece of sexual garbage. Think about it. Most prostitutes were sexually abused as children. Does that say enough?
Yes, the secret sits in the middle and knows. And a dark part of us cries out in pain as the seduction of our despair—ceaselessly and repetitively—returns unto it.
četrtek, 28. januar 2010
zgod.fil.novi vek
1. ZAČETEK NOVEGA VEKA
1.1 Zgodovinske predpostavke
1.1 .1 Družbene spremembe
– klasifikacija zgo. odvisna od našega pogleda; priti mora do velikih sprememb, da
sploh lahko govorimo o vzpostavitvi nove dobe >> spremembe, ki napravijo
kapitalen prehod morajo biti obsežne in med seboj povezane
– sr.vek je filozofsko vezan na stari vek
– konec srednjega veka (1492): veliko sprememb na različnih ravneh, ki zaključujejo
sr. vek in hkrati pomenijo izgubo trdnosti, ki jo je imel sred. človek, npr.:
a) odkritje kompasa (napredek navtične tehnike, omogoča dolga potovanja,
pridemo do odkritja novih svetov, odkrivanje daljne Azije in njihove
kulture, Evropa se sooči z povsem novmi kulturami) >> to postavi pod
vprašaj tvoje mišljenje… kaj je prav?
b) odkritje tiska (Guttenberg): velika proliteracija znanja, knjige dostopne
velikemu številu ljudi, znanje postaja bolj dostopno širšemu krogu ljudi >>
večja izmenjava misli
c) odkritje smodnika: spremeni način vojskovanja, padec viteškega stanu
– l. 1453 pade Bizanc (= kršč. evropski vzhod). Iz Bizanca pride na zahod veliko
učenjakov, ki znajo grško in tudi to vpliva na to, da je Platon v renesansi velik hit.
– v umetnosti se odkrije načelo perspektive, ki spremneni slikarstvo
– sprememba v razumevanju vesolja >> Nikolaj Kopernik zasnuje drugačno
razumevanje vesolja; Zemlja ni več v središču, ampak je Sonce (heliocentrični
sistem zamenja geocentrični sistem). Zemlja ni več središče; tj. Človek nima več
glavne besede v vesolju >> izguba varnosti in gostovosti, ki jo je imel staroveški
človek.
– Kako pride Kopernik do tega spoznanja? Matematični izračuni >> v znanost na
poseben način vstopi matematika. Aristoelova znanost ne potrebuje matematike,
ker niti ni tako zasnovana. Stara zanost poudarja kvalitete in ne gradi na kvantiteti.
Matematika izraža kvantitativno, vedno se gre za izračune. Če opisujemo drevo je
opisovanje kvalitativno, če se vprašamo o hitrosti je to opisovanje kvantitativno.
– Rojstvo novoveške znanosti, se razlikuje od atnične zanosti v tem, da poskuša
naravo razložiti v mat. relacijah in v znanost vključi matematiko.
– Matematizacija: logiko narave poskušamo odkriti: Galileio pravi, da je narava
napisana z mat. pismenkami. Stara znanost je vrejela, da obstaja nek red stvari,
kjer je bilo v ospredju bistvo človeka.
Aristotelska znanost je deduktivna znanost. Dedukcija: od nečesa občega,
splošnega, unverzalnega, zaključi to na posamezni primer. Matem. je deuktiva:
temeljne zakonitosti in iz tega pridemo do določenih zaključkov.
– Novoveška znanost >> Induktivna metoda: iz večih posameznih primerkov
poskuša zaključiti nekaj občega. Poiščemo več posameznih primerov in jih
povežemo v nekaj skupnega, npr. vidiš veliko belih labodov >> sklep: vsi labodi
so beli. NE vemo kateri je tisti splošni red, zato iz opazovanja posameznikov
iščemo obče lastnosti. Gre za opazovanje in posploševanje. Vsak eksperiment je
vprašanje narave, v tem smislu je novomeška znanost agresiven do narave. Ne
opazuje narave, ampak hoče vedeti kako deluje, poskušamo jo razložiti.
1 . 1.2. Humanizem in renesansa
– velja za predhodno obdobje >> iskanje novih poti mišljenja, gre za čas
eksperimentiranja
– fr. beseda renesans: ponovno rojstvo >> ponovno vračanje k grški antiki. Povezana
s tem, da je veliko grških filoz. po padcu Bizanca prišlo na zahod.
– RENESANSA >> razcvet mistike in magije; Giordano Bruno (2.pol. 16.st.): žrtev
inkvizicije. Pri njemu je šlo za mistični panteizem: Bog je eno z vesoljem,
verjame, da je Bog vse. Bog ni ločen od stvarnosti, Bog je stvarnost. Vesolje in
narava = Bog. Obstaja lahko neskončno št. vesolij.
– HUMANIZEM: označuje neko usmeritev, pomeni, da se zopet v odporu do
srednjeveške sholastike v ospredje postavi človeka in teme ki so povezane z njim,
npr.: jezik, zgodovina. Spremljevalec renesanse >> obrat k človeku,
individualnosti, posamezniku. Pristop do človeka in razumevanje njega. V
ospredje postavita človeka.
1.1.3 . Luther in reformacija
– reformacijo štejemo pod neposredne vplive na novoveško filozofijo
– znano vprašanje pri Luthru: Kako najdem milostljivega Boga? Kako bo Bog do
mene, grešnika, milosten? >> Ta vprašanja se vežejo samo NAME.
– vprašanje osebnega odrešenja (individualnosti), problem gotovosti v smislu
osebnega odrešenja. Če je v sr. veku veljalo, da se človek lahko odreši sam, Luther
to zaostri in pravi, da nas lahko odreši samo Bog.
– razprava o milosti: Bog je tisti, ki človeka odrešuje. Preko Kristusa je bilo človeku
podarjeno odrešenje. Milost je dar, ni nujnost. Človek mora z dobrimi deli
prispevati k temu, da bo potem odrešen. Pojavijo se zlorabe z odpustki. Človek
sam od sebe se ne more odrešiti, edino kar človek lahko naredi je to,da veruje >>
vse je odvisno od Božje milosti (Sola gracia). Problem milosti je negotovost, ker
ne vem če bo Bog do mene milosten.
– razprava med dominikanci in jezuiti (16.stol.) >> Kako razumeti človekovo
samostojnost če je vse odvisno od Boga? Če je nekdo pohvaljen da dela dobro. >>
Ali sem to naredil sam, iz svoje moči ali je k temu prispeval Bog?«
1.1. Filozofska dediščina: vzpon nominalizma
– »via moderna« (nominalizem) >> nova pot
– »via antiqua« (realizem) >> stara pot, ki jo zasnuje T. Akvinski
– ontološko: ko govorimo o tistem, kar je, o bivajočem
– ORIS TAKRATNE KULTURE: Pariška univerza (2. polovica 14. stoletja):
natisnjeno še enkrat več knjig, ki so usmerjene proti nominalizmu.
NOMINALIZEM(prenese poudarek na
individ.)
»via moderna« voluntarizem
REALIZEM (prenese pudarek na občost)
»via antigua« intelektualizem
volja (svoboda) razum (nujnost)
individualnost (posamičnost); vsa imena, tudi
tista, ki veljajo za obče nimajo nobene
ontološke osnove. V stvarnosti ni
vnaprejšnega reda, temveč so v naravi
razične posamičnosti.
univerzalnost (občost)
posamične stvaritve, posamičnost pred
univerzalnostjo, Bog ustvarja v svobodi
obča bistva
i mena (nomen) p ojmi (concept)
Božja volja
Enkratnost, prigodnost: zaupa temu kar Bog
hoče, kaj hoče. Ne zaupa človeku. Če nekaj
Božja modrost (razum)
(obči) red stvarnosti. Če nekaj mislim
razumno, lahko vsak tako misli.
naredim po svoji volji, ne morem
pričakovati, da bo nekdo naredil isto. Bog je
tebe hotel , kot tebe; ni bilo univerzalne
nujnosti.
»skriti Bog«
Spoznanje po učikih milosti
pečat Boga v stvarstu umsko spoznanje Boga
problem metafizike; svarnost nima nekega
metafizičnega reda, zato bo vsako
spoznavanje Boga postalo problematično
metafizika
induktivna znanost (če imam posameznike,
pa bom poskušal inducirati neko občost)
deduktivna znanost (iz občega se vse
zreducira na posamezno)
doživljajska duhovnost; ni razumske
duhovnosti, ampak doživljajsko doživljanje
milosti. Gre se predvsem za empirično plat.
kontemplativna duhovnost; kontemplacija:
da razumevajoče gleda, vidiš = razumevajoč
vpogled
praksa >> kriterij znanja je predvsem praxa teorija (kontemplacija): cilj znanja je uvideti,
razumeti …
1. RACIONALIZEM
– Novoveški obrat k subjektu. Izguba gotovosti. Prej je bil Kozmos, svet je bil urejen.
Naenkrat človek postane sam. Luter: jaz sam se bom odrešil >> razmislek iz mene
samega→novoveški obrat k subjektu. Nov pojem subjekta (»jaz«) in objekta (zunanji
svet). Vse se začenja v subjektu, iz mene samega.
– Problem spoznanja zunanjega sveta→problem metode. Vprašanje: kako lahko poznam
svet zunaj sebe? >> Novi vek: izhodišče postane individualnost, iz česar izhaja
problem spoznanja. Po kakšni poti naj človek pride do gotovosti v vedenju? Vprašanje
poti je vprašanje metode, kako doseči pravo in gotovo spoznanje. Pojavita se dva
odgovora, dve možnosti (racionalizem(um) vs. empirizem (čutno izkustvo))
1.1. Rene Decartes (1596 – 1650)
– velja za prvega filozofa Novega veka. Temeljno gibalo Descartesa je problem
negotovosti→kje je mogoče najti zanesljivo spoznanje? Izvor gotovosti je za
Descartesa matematika.
2.1.1 . Nova utemeljitev znanja
– Razvidnost za Descartesa je jasna in razločna ideja→ matematika (2+3=5→jasna
ideja). Prava razvidnost je v umskem uvidu, ne v čutih. Razvije pravila rabe uma
(Pravila prave rabe uma (Descartesova metoda)):
a)Pravilo razvidnosti (→jasna in razločna ideja)
b)Pravilo analize
c)Pravilo sinteze
d)Pravilo preventive (preverimo vse dosedanje korake)
– Resnica=gotovost (verum=certum); Kaj je bistvo resnice? Izhodišče je subjekt.
Resnica se preseli v gotovost.
– Metodični dvom (aktiven, hoten, sistematičen, radikalen), ni dvom skeptikov→gre za
dvom, ki ima vlogo v metodi. Metodičen dvom se primerja s košaro jabolk. Če je eno
jabolko gnilo, lahko postanejo gnila tudi druga
2.1.1 . Postavitev novih ontoloških izhodišč
– ontološki dokaz za božje bivanje (ideja Boga sama v sebi vključuje božje bivanje)
– ideja Boga; Decartes zanjo pravi, da te ideje ne more človek sam proizvesti, je
urojena, imeti mora Boga za svoj vzrok, Bog je tisti, ki v meni povzroči to idejo. V
idejo (= vsebina) Boga mora biti vključeno tudi njegovo bivanje. Že sama ideja
Boga vodi k temu, da Bog mora nujno obstajati.
– vprašanje zunanjega sveta je povezano z našimi čutnimi vtisi. Umu sem najprej sebi
najbljižji, potem je Bog, šele nato pa zunanji svet.
– Substanca (=substantia): v starem in srednjem veku se je razumela zelo široko; je vse
kar samostojno biva.
– Decartes pravi, da je substanca takšno bivajoče, ki ne potrebuje nečesa drugega za
obstoj, je neodvisno.
2.1.1 . Posledice Decartesove misli
– dualistično pojmovanje človeka; duša kot »cogito« (zavest), telo kot »stroj«
(mehanicizem). Dušo karakterizira mišljenje, telo pa je razumljeno kot ves zunanji
svet. Gre za mehanicistično razumevanje zunanjega sveta >> Ali lahko neko živo bitje
razložite kot nek kompleksen stroj? Kaj razlikuje neko živo telo od neživega? >>
Aristotel pravi, da jih oživlje tisto notranje »anima« (duša).
– Decartes telo, s tem ko ga napravi kot stroj, na nek način poniža. Duša je svoja lastna
substanca, zato je tudi neumrljiva. Človek je razpet med tema dvema substancama. >>
Decartes naredil škodo s dualističnim pojmovanjem človeka.
– Novoveški obrat: od subjekta k Bogu
– Bog kot ideja uma >> drža racionalizma; pri Decartesu se od subjekta pride do dokaza
Boga, oz. njegovega obstoja. Če je subjekt tisti, ki postane odgovoren za obstoj Boga,
potem Bog postane odvisen od subjekta in bo kmalu izgubil svojo prepričljivost; umre.
Pri religiji je ključen odnos, da Bog postane prvi in subjekt drugi. Ne sme biti obratno.
– Problem kartezijanstva za naslednike: učinkovanje med duhovno in telesno substanco.
2.2 Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
2.2.1 Racionalistični panteizem
– Praktično-etični cilj filozofije (srečnost); glavno delo: »Etika« (1677). Cilj filozofije ni
zgolj spoznanje, temveč življenje. Njegova filozofija temelji na tem, da bi človek
lahko srečno živel. Za Grke to pomeni »dobro delovati«. Znati živeti je srečno živeti.
– Novoveška koncepcija v ospredje postavi spoznanje.
– Bog je edina substanca (monoizem) in je hkrati istoveten s svetom oz. naravo
(panteize= Bog je vse). Panteizem: nauk, ki verjame, da ni ločenosti med Bogom in
svetom, temveč da je Bog eno s svetom, Bog je vse. Bog je edina substanca, svet ni
nekaj kar je ločeno od Boga. Svet = narava (lat. natura). MONIZEM: nauk pri katerem
gre za eno samo stvarnost, celotna stvarnost je nea sama, celotna stvarnost je Bog.
Človek potrebuje mistično razsežnost, da je lahko vse v Bogu.
– lat. DEUS sive NATURA sive SUBSTANTIA = Bog ali narava ali substanca
– »Kaj velja za panteističnega Boga?«
a) svoboden (svoboda kot spoznana, umna nujnost). Spinoza verjame, da
celotni naravi vlada umnost, vse kar se zgodi, se zgodi zaradi umnih
razlogov. Ko imamo opravka z razumom imamo opravka z nujnostjo, ta pa
ni v kontradikciji z svobodo (2+2=4). Če to spoznam, in ne more biti
drugače, je to svobodno spoznanje.
b) nujen (nujno biva in je večen)
c) »causa sui« (samo vzrok)
d) neskončen. Bog je neskončen, ker če bi bil končen, bi nujno moral mejiti na
nekaj na koncu.
– Razodevanje neskončne substance (Boga) glede na različne atribute v posameznih
končnih modusih (nam sta poznana samo atributa misli in razsežnosti). Ljudem sta
spoznana samo atributa misli in razsežnosti, v katerih se nam razodeva Bog.
– Bog in svet (narava) – zgolj formalna razlika »natura naturans« (narava, ki ustvarja =
Bog), »natura naturata« (ustvarjena narava) >> to sta dva vidka ene in iste stvarnosti.
– psiho-fizični paralelizem: vzporednost med mišljenjem in telesnostjo
ideje (misel) in telesa (razsežnost) sta dva vidika ene in iste stvarnosti (zgolj navidezen
problem medsebojnega povzročanja). Vsaka ideja, ki jo jaz mislim ima tudi svojo
ustrezno manifestacijo na telesni ravni (imam idejo hoje, hkrati pa tudi hodim). To, da
mislim hojo in hkrati hodim sta ena ideja, ki se razodeva v dveh vidikih.
2.2.2 . Osvoboditev od afektov
– Človekovo trpljenje - vladavina strasti (lat. passio) in afektov (čustveno stanje).
Problem človekovega trpljenja, je v tem, da ne razume, ne dojame umnosti. Naše
trpljenje je povezano z nerazumevanjem, to pa ima tudi nek telesni izra, ta telesni izraz
pa so strasti in afekti. Vsako umevanje je nekaj dejavnega, smo v vlogi nekoga, ki je
aktiven(ko pišemo,..), nekoga, ki aktivno dojema. Ko pa smo pasivni(nekaj kar utrpi
delovanje, ko čutimo,..). Vse strasti bolijo, ker jih ne moremo obvladovati. Pri
utrpelostih, afektih imamo opraavka z nejasnimi idejami.
– Vzrok trpljenja strasti oz. afekti. Afekti so stanja, ki se dogajajo človeku, so čustva.
Človek je podvržen afektom ali strastem, ki imajo nejasne ideje v umu. Namreč, če se
nek pojav, pod nekim vidikom mora razodevati pod drugimi vidiki, to pomeni, da vse
kar se telesno razodeva se tudi umsko >> anfekti na umski ravni pomenijo nejasno; oz
čutno spoznanje
– Tri stopnje spoznanja:
1. Čutno spoznanje ali domišljija (imaginatio): neadekvatne ideje,
osvoboditev od nejasnih idej >> napraviti jasne ideje; doseži
spoznanje, ki bo ustvarilo adekvatne ideje in s tem doseči telesno
stanje, ki ne bo več pasivno in afektov.
2. Umsko spoznanje (ratio): adekvatne ideje. Kaj naredim ko se
jezim? >> rešitev je ugotoviti kaj se dogaja, da se zavem kaj se
dogaja. Iz pasivnega bitja preidem v aktivno bitje. Z umskim
spoznanjem pridemo do odrešenja. Najvišje razumevanje je da
dojameš, da vse kar se dogaja, da se mora tako dogajati in je
utemeljeno v neki nujnosti.
3. Neposredni uvid (intuitio): Najvišje razumevanje je da dojameš, da
vse kar se dogaja, da se mora tako dogajati in je utemeljeno v neki
nujnosti. Ljubiš resnico, ljubiš Boga >> »amor intellectualis Deo«.
Uvid je ko nekaj razumeš in dojameš, da stvarnost ni spremenljiva,
je ista kot matematika. Ne moreš je spreminjati. Stvarnost je takšna
kot je in jo moraš sprejeti.
– Odrešenje v spoznanju – »stoični racionalizem« CILJ: najti človekovo odrešenje, je
življenje. Odrešeno življenje je prav to odrešenje v spoznanju. »Kaj pa je z drugimi
ljudmi, ki niso sposobni filozofskega spoznanja? Za njih je dobra vera.«
2.3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1647-1716)
2.3.1 Metafizika kot monadologija
– Je eden zadnjih univerzalnih duhov (=zelo širok mislec), filozof, pravnik, matematik,
fizik (zakon o ohranitvi energije), tehnika, teolog … Je posrednik med staroveško in
novovešo filozofijo.
– Vpelje pojem monade: metafizični atomi (onkraj fizične pojavnosti) in substance >>
mnoštvo substanc. Ni moč mehansko razložiti sveta, mora obstajati nek metafizični
dejavnik (globlja sila). V vsaki fizikalni stvarnosti je nek metafizični princip, imn.
monada. Monada je duša, kogito. Ni podvržena fizikalnim zakonom, hkrati tudi ni
podvržena propadu. Brez metafizičnega nosilca stvari ne bi bile to, kar so.
– Ustvarjene od Boga, neodvisne od fizičnega sveta. Monade lahko delujejo samo preko
Boga. Bog je umno bitje, ki v vsako monado vloži nek umni razvoj, vsako monado je
»programiral«.
– Ustvari hierarhijo monad: človek ima svojo monado, rastlina svojo, celo anorgansko
ima svoje monade >> razvoj monad po božji previdnosti
– Vnaprejšnja usklajenost (harmonija praestabilita). Vrhovni um, je naredil vse v
harmoničnih odnosih. Sploh ni realnega povzročanja in vzrokov, temveč imamo zgolj
navidezno povzročanje, ker vse poteka po navideznem programu. Vse poteka že po
vnaprej določenem redu in po njem tudi komunicirajo med seboj. Boga razume kot
urarja, ki ureja nek mehanizem. Celotni stvarnosti vlada racionalni red.
2.3.2 Racionalistični optimizem in teodiceja
– Načelo zadostnega razloga >> Bog je ustvaril najboljšega izmed možnih svetov
(Leibnizov optimizem). Ta svet ima največ pestrosti, hkrati pa mora upoštevati
določene logične zakone. Vse je umno, torej ima vse razlog. Vse kar se dogaja je
umno. Če je Bog umen, izbere tisto možnost, ki je najbolj umna.
– Problem zla v svetu >> opravičenje Boga ( »teodiceja« Leibnizova skovanka) »Od
kod zlo?« Za Avguština zlo ni ustvarjeno, ampak je umanjkanje nečesa. Bog ne ustvari
zla. Bog ustvari vse dobro, dobro pa se lahko okvari.
– Razlikovanje zla (zlo=umanjkanje); umanjkanje pomeni, da nimamo nečesa kar bi
bilo, ampak je prisotna neka negacija. Npr.: slepota je umanjkanje vida; nekaj, kar bi
moralo biti manjka. Leibniz razlikuje več vrst zla:
I. metafizično zlo (lat. malum): pomanjkanje popolnosti, npr.:
potres, če je rač. pokvarjen …
II. fizično zlo: bolezen, okvara zdravja
III. moralno zlo: religiozno poimenovan greh (to velja samo za
človeka)
3. EMPIRIZEM
– mravlje predstavniki empiristov, ker vseskozi nekaj zbirajo
– odgovarja na temljno vprašanje metode >> kako doseči spoznanje?
– zagovarja čutno izkustvo, stališče, da je vsako spoznanje moralo priti iz izkustva naših
čutil >> vir spoznanja je čutno izkustvo, ki povzroči nezaupanje v um
– ne sprejeme nauka o rojenih idejah (to, da je v naš razum dano neko vedenje že od
začetka)
– razvije se v anglo-saškem svetu, anglo-saška filozofija ostaja na nivoju »zdrave
pameti« (common sense)
– posledice za vprašanje Boga in religioznosti; »Ali imamo kakšno izkustvo, ki nas
lahko privede do obstoja Boga?«
3.1. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
3.1.1. Prenova znanosti in »človeško kraljestvo«
– navdušen nad tedanjimi tehničnimi odkritji >> 3 odkritja (tisk, kompas, smodnik)
– človek ima sveto dolžnost, da spozna sveto naravo in, da si z odkritji pomaga pri
boljšem življenju >> človek bi postal gospodar nad naravo in si pomaga do boljšega
življenja
– »Novi organon« končano delo Bacona; Bacon zahteva, da se napravi nova
metodologija, novi temelji za znanost
– uporabnost in korisnost znanja; preko znanosti se bodo pridobile nove tehnične
pridobitve
– vrjeme, da obstajajo bistva (forme) stvari, ki jih iščemo, da bi nad njimi gospodovali
3.1.2 Kritika idolov in induktivna metoda
– premalo se posvečamo naravi in njenim pojavom
– »idoli« zmote človeškega uma; um nam zaradi določenih zmot, ki so v njem, popači
celotno stvarnost. Pogoj za spoznanje sveta je »očiščenje« uma.
* idol (slo. malik): ni pravo božanstvo, je zmotno
– idoli plemena (človeškega rodu): zmote, ki so lastne vsakemu človek oz. celotnemu
človeškemu rodu… antroponorfno gledanje: po človeško zaznavamo stvarnost,
preveliko vključevanje človeškega vidika
– idoli votline (posameznika): prisopodoba notranjega sveta; posameznik, z lastnmi
zmotami
– idoli trga (jezika in njegovih tvorb); trg je kot prostor srečevanja ljudi: v
sporazumevanju ljudje uporabljajo pojme, ki zaživijo med sabo in nimajo nobene
osnove, npr.: »… mi bo nekdo izmeril energijo..«, »..nekdo ima slabo energijo…« Vsi
uporabljamo to besedo, pa je nihče pravzaprav ne razume.
– idoli gledališča (miselnih konstruktov): filoz. sistemi so podobno kot gledališke
zgodbe; gre za kritiko dotedanjih filoz. sistemov, ki nimajo realne osnove
INDUKTIVNA METODA:
– zbiranje podatkov (opazovanje dejstev) iz narave in izdelava tabel
– iskanje lastnosti, ki določajo bistvo (formo) stvari
– tovrjenje hipotez in njihovo preverjanje; znanost hipotetična, saj vedno lahko
odkrijemo nekaj novega, kar lahko ovrže prejšnjo hipotezo
NAPREDEK KOT DOKAZ (IN KRITERIJ) RESNICE
– filoz. pragmatizem: resnično je tisto, kar deluje (»it's true because it works«)
praktični kriterij je glavni
3.2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1697)
– vse stvari so materialne, telesne; filoz. je potemtakem veda o telesih
– razlikuje naravna in umetna telesa (=skupnosti; država je umetno telo)
– spremenjen pogled na državo v novem veku; novi vek gleda na državo kot na
izhajajočo iz posameznika >> prvenstvo posameznika, drugotnost države
– država: umetna forma, mora dobiti utemeljitev z vidika posameznika. »Kako
utemeljiti državo?« … »umetni« nastanek države je posledica družbene
pogodbe
– novo razumevanje suverenosti (oblasti); vprašanje oblasti se obrne na narod;
oblast mora izhajati iz naroda ne iz kralja (od spodaj navzgor) …
HOBBESOVA UTEMELJITEV DRŽVAVE:
– v naravnem stanju bi bili zgoj posamezniki, ti pa nimajo naravne dobrosti, ampak
iščejo svojo lastno potrditev in s tem ogrožajo druge >> vojna vseh proti vsem;
negotovost (homo homini lupus – človek človeku volk). Vsak človek je drugemu
človeku potencialna nevarnost.
– družbena pogodba : je nujna potreba zaradi preživetja: odpoved lastni suverenosti v
korist vladarja. Posledično to pomeni, da bo vladar postal absoluten. Odpoved
suverenosti zavoljo mirnega in pravičnega življenja.
– absolut(istič)na država: absoluten vladar (»Leviatan«): upor proti vladarju dovoljen le
v primeru smrtne ogroženosti. Vladar naj bi bil moder vladar, nek filozof.
3.3. John Locke (1632 – 1704) >> postavi temelje liberarizmu
3.3.1. Analiza človeškega spoznanja
– proti vrojenim idejam (človeški duh je »tabula rasa«); »Nič ni v razumu, kar ne bi bilo
poprej v čutilih.«
– Locke – začetnik angleškega razsvetljenstva (kljub omejitvam uma mu še vedno
pripisuje temeljno vlogo); meje razuma ® nujnost tolerance
3.3.2. Vprašanje Boga in vere
– Boga je mogoče dokazati (® obstoj Stvarnika ni vprašljiv); drugače je pri krščanski
veri, ki temelji na razodetju; Pri posredovanem razodetju sprejme tisto, kar ni proti
razumu.
– sprejetje posredovanega razodetja, če ni »proti razumu« (® »On the Reasonableness
of Christianity«)
3.3.2. Politična filozofija
– naravno stanje in privatna lastnina; (pravna negotovost; potreba po zakonu, sodniku in
oblasti)
– pogojno zaupanje oblasti državi (možnost odtegnitve pooblastila; omejitev pravic
države, ® liberalizem)
3.4. George Berkeley (1685-1753)
– motiv: obramba vere (naraščajoča samozadostnost materialnega sveta predstavlja
nevarnost za Boga in duhovni svet)
– zanikanje obstoja materialne substance (imaterializem) »obstajati« pomeni »imeti
čutno zaznavo« v duhu (mind)
– problem solipsizma in Berkeleyev odgovor
svet je celota čutnih zaznav
čutne zaznave ne povzroča zunanja materija, temveč Bog
Bog v vseh ljudeh (minds) povzroča podobe sveta na urejen način (®
»jezik Boga«)
3.5 David Hume (1711 – 1776)
3.5.1. E mpirično-psihološka analiza človeškega spoznanja
– vprašanje nastanka (geneze) idej in psihologizem
· razlikovanje: vtisi (impressions) in ideje (ideas)
· ideje so predstave vtisov (in ne zunanjega sveta)
– povezovanje idej kot psihološki proces (navada) >> psihološki mehanicizem
– osnova: vzročno povezovanje (kavzalna asociacija)
– pojav 1 (dežuje) >> pojav 2 (cesta je mokra) če imamo dva pojava, zaradi njujnega
sosldedja, vrjamemo, da en pojav povzroča drugi pojav: Ker dežuje je cesta mokra
(vzrok >> posledica)
– hume napada znanost; znanost vrjame v vzročost, v resnici pa smo mi tisti ki
povezujemo vzroke in posledice…vse je le navada
– empirizem pristane na zgolj čutnih podatkih
– zakaj se neka stvar tako dogaja? Zanimajo nas obče dogajanje!
– poznavanje vzrokov je zgolj vrjetje (belief) in ne gotovost
3.5.2 krtitika jaza kot duhovne substance
– »jaz« je zgolj zaporedje stanj zavesti
– ker ni zveze med stanji, ni duhovnega nosilca (če bi duhovni«jaz« obstajal, bi moral
biti predmet zaznave)
– ne obstaja duhovna substanca
– Kaj je »jaz«? je tisto kar lahko v tem trenutku imn. jaz; smo pri predavanjih, imamo
čutno izkustvo predavalnice >> tisto kar je jaz, je nek sveženj občutij (kar so moji vtisi
v nekem trenutku), ti vtisi pa se spreminjajo glede na spremembo prostora >>
zaporedna stanja zavesti, iz tega pa ne moremo zaključiti, da obstaja neka podlaga
jaza, neka duhovna stvarnost. Hume ne dovoli, da bi iz našega izkustva sebe (naša
občutja) zaključili, da obstaja neka duhovna substanca. Če bi obstajal nek duhovni
svet (duša, duhovni subjekt) bi lahko o njem govoril, če bi imel njegovo izkustvo. >>
Moral bi meti izkustvo z svojo dušo.
3.5.3. Kritika naravne religije in morala
– ne v religiji ne v morali si ne moremo pomagati z umom
– proti dokazom za bivanje Boga (ki so osnova naravne religije, Bog kot »prvi« vzrok«
je (neupravičen); gre za nek psihološki sklep
– bistvo religije je vera >> iracionalno občutje (čustva: starh, veselje…)
– ne moremo sklepati iz ene vzročnosti na drugo >> če ima vsak človek očeta, ne
pomeni, da ima celo človeštvo očeta
– za reliigjo pomembna 2 občutja: strah in upanje; zaradi strahu, si človek napravi
vrhovno upanje, da ga varuje + hočemo zaupati v dobro prihodnost
– na občutju temelji tudi morala (občutje do drugega= gr. simpatija = dočutiti); Morala
nima racionalne utemeljitve svojih norm, temelji na moralnem vrednotenju, na
moralnem občutju. To občutje pa ni egoistično; vsak človek ima prirojeno sočutje do
drugega. »Kaj pa če imam slab dan, kaj pa če nimam sočutja do drugega?« >> lahko je
nevarno!!!
– altruizem >> nauk, da je moralno tisto kar je dobro za drugega
4. KANT IN NEMŠKI IDEALIZEM
– idealizem: njegov naravni predhodnik je racionalizem; tisto kar je materialno je
manifestacija idejnega
– vladavina umnosti, idejnega
4. 1. Immanuel Kant (1742-1804)
>> znan po trilogiji: Kritika čistega uma, Kritika prakt. uma, Kritika razsodnosti
>> njegova filozofija imn. kritična filozofija (pozno jo je zasnoval)
4.1.1 Predpostavke in priprava kritične filozofije
– sprejemanje idej razsvetljenstva (vera v razum in znanost, proti »teološkemu
empirizmu« v smislu, da bi lahko imeli izkustvo Božjega posega v stvarnosti)
– naklonjen DEIZMU >> filoz. nauk o Bogu, ki verjame, da obstaja Bog stvarnik, se pa
ta Bog ne razodeva in ne vstopa v človeško zgodovino. Odklonitev kršč., vendar
verjamejo da Bog obstaja.
– zaupa v znanost; eden od tvorcev ideje o nastanku vesolja
– vpilv Christiana Wolffa (racionalist, ki prevladuje na takratnih nemških univerzah);
vse kar je pomembno je kar je racionalno, umno
– branje Davida Huma ga »prebudi iz dogmatičnega spanca«, če je prej biu v metafiziki
Wolfa, je Hume razburkal njegovo vero v razum oz. znanost
– Nezadosnost racionalizma:
· analitične sodbe, a priori, dedukcija
· Prednost: gotovost umskih izpeljevanj, matemat. je gotovost
· Slabost: ni novega znanja (ki pride iz izkustva), ni odprt za možnost
novega znanja
– Nezadostnost empirizma:
· sintetične sodbe, a posteriori, idukcija
· Prednost: širitev znanja iz izkustva
· Slabost: ni gotovosti (pri povezovanju izkustvanih dejstev)
– pogoj za utemeljitev znanosti (in preseganje zgornje dileme): Ali so možne sintetične
apriorne sodbe? Da bi razširili znanje in da bi bilo to znanje gotovo
RAZJASNITEV POJMOV!!!
· Analitične sodbe: kjer je povedek že skrit v osebku, kjer povedek alhko izpeljemo iz
osebka, npr. trikotnik ima vsoto 180 stopinj
· Sintetična sodba: povedek doda nekaj novega, predikat izrazi nekaj drugega kar
subjekt še nima; krogla je rdeča; v pojmu krogle ni, da je rdeča
· A prori: vnaprej, pred izkustvom, nekaj kar ni odvisno od izkustva
· A postriori: tisto kar pride kasneje; po izkustvu, temelj je na izkustvu
4.1.2. Kritika čistega uma
>> kritika (gr. krinein=razločevati) >> kriterij (razločevati); da zasije dobro in odstrani se
slabo, prava kritika: želja po ločevanju
– napaka racionalizma in empirizma: ne ohranja razliko med umom in čuti, temveč
absolutizirata enega od njiju, racionalisti poudarjajo razum, empiristi pa čutnost
– čutnost >> pasivno sprejemanje (receptivnost): sprejemanje vtisov (ki prihajajo od
zunaj = a posteriori) >> vsebina
– umnost >> aktivno delovanje (spontanost): um ni prazen, temveč nosi v sebi
»strukturo« (še pred vsakim izkustvom =a priori) >> forma
· človek: sodelovanje obeh spoznavnih možnosti
– spoznanje je obdelava čutne vsebina (kar pomeni torbo sintetičnih apriornih sodb) >>
rezultat tiste vsebine, ki prihaja preko čutnosti do nas in hkrati formiranja tistga kar
pride do nas
– vnaprejšnja (apriorna) struktura ali transcedentalnost (transcedentalno = pogoj
možnosti spoznanja, da neka stvar je sploh kar je)
– RAZLIKA med transcendentnim (nekaj kar presega izkustvo, je onkraj vsakega
izkustva) in transcedentalnim (na nek način tudi presega nekaj, če vnaprejšnje forme
vplivajo na to kako se stvari pojavijo, so te forme presežne; nekaj je prej, pred vsem)
– tisto kar imn. predmet spoznanja je posledica tistega, kar smo že vnaprej formirali
– Kantov »koprenikanski obrat«: pri spoznanju se ne ravna naš um po predmetih,
temveč se predmeti ravnajo po umu: vnaprejšnje umne forme določajo predmete;
predmeti se ravnajo po naši umnosti in so takšni, kot jih mi vidijo. »Ali je to padec v
subjektivizem?« >> NE, ker naš razum ni subjektiven, kljub temu, da je v subjektu;
naše spoznanje je objektivno
– problem »stvar na sebi« (Ding an sich): ni dostopna spoznanju
ANALIZA SPOZNANJA (Kako pridemo do spoznanja?)
ČUTNOST (transcedentalna estetika)
– UMNOST se deli na: RAZUM (vedno nekaj razstavlja in posledično razume) in UM
(sposobnost iskanja sintez)
– urejanje izkustvenih podatkov na ravni čutne zaznave (zor); kontinuiteta časa in
koesistenca prostora
– čas in prostor kot transcedentalni formi čutnosti (proti času in prostoru kot dvema
stvarnostma na sebi); dve vnaprejšnji formi človeka
RAZUM (transcedentalna analitika); pri njem nastane sodba
– spoznanje kot tvorjenje sodb o stvarnosti
– oblikovanje sod se vrši s pomočjo »form«, ki sestavljajo razum (transcedentalne
forme razuma)
– te forme so najvišji rodovni pojmi ali kategorij e (jih je 12, razdeljene na 4:
ralacijskost, kvalitativnost, kvantitativnost, modalnost)
– ko dobim čutne podatke, ki sem jih že umestil v prostoru in času, jih še uredim
– če nekaj potem nekaj (v sebi že moramo imeti forme, da lahko potem vzroku dodelimo
posledico) >> to je vzročnost
– Kant analizira sodbe, saj različnim vrstam sodb sodijo različne kategorije
– kategorije so apriorne forme, ki jih uporabim na čutnem spoznanju; dajo spoznanju
občo veljavnost in gotovost, vsebina pa prihaja iz čutnega izkustva – oboje je nujno za
spoznanje
– skupni »nosilec« spoznanja: transcendentalni jaz: je pogoj za vse kar jaz počnem, nmi
pa predmet mojega izkustva (z razliko od empiričnega jaza; pomeni, da lahko vse
izkušamo)
UM (transcedentalna dialektika)
– umevanje se lahko odtrga od izkustva >> »čisti um« (=brez primesi čutnosi)
– razlika: mišljenje (denken) in spoznanje (erkennen); človek lahko misli veliko več kot
spozna
– težnja mišljenja: iskanje celote >> tvorba idej
– transcedentalne ideje (uma): um jih zasleduje, v njihovo smer razmišlja
1. duša (ideja celote notranjega izkustva); poveže vsa različna notranja izkustva
v neko podstat, ki jo imn. duša
2. svet (ideja celote zunanjega izkustva); izkušamo partikularno (doživljamo
sneg, predavalnico, …)
3. Bog (ideja celote vseh celot, ideal čistega uma); Bog je ideal
transcedentalnega uma oz. najvišja ideja po Kantu.
Ničesar ne moremo reči o obstoju teh treh posameznih področij, kljub temu, da mi
misleno pridemo do te ideje.
Te tri idejo so regulativne ideje: usmerjajo naše ideje.
– kritika metafizike: mišljenje poistoveti s spoznanjem idejam pripisuje dejanski obstoj
(>> kritika čistega uma); če že govorimo o Bogu, ga ne moremo določiti na področju
uma, ker nimamo izkustva Boga oz. ga sploh ne moremo imeti
– pozitiven pomen idej na področju praktičnega uma
4.1.3. Kritika praktičnega uma
– zadeva delovanje in etiko
– morale ni nujno utemeljevati na religiji; v srednjem veku je bil temelj morale na
religiji; (če ni Boga, potem je vse dovoljeno: Dostojevski)
– čisti um izpričuje, da človek ni zgolj naravno (čutno) bitje; »državljan dveh svetov«
– umnost se lahko loči od čutnega izkustva, lahko presegamo našo umeščenost v ta svet;
človek je bitje, ki je vpeto v naravo in je prav zaradi tega ker se lahko loči od narave,
bitje, ki presega naravo=je transcendentno
– čutnost – narava (fenomen); pri živalih je čutnost imn. nagon
>> ljudje so čutna bitja; preko čutnosi smo del narave; narava se razume kot
nekaj kar je določeno, vse kar se dogodi v naravi je posledica predhodnih vzrokov >>
temu vlada determinizem (vlada neka določenost), ne pozna svobode
>> svoboda je preseganje determinizma; čisti um, ki presega izkustvo je
znamenje svobode
– um – čista umnost (noumenon) – svoboda; svobodni smo prav zato, ker nas določa
moralni zakon, ker ne delujemo po nagonu, in to nas loči od živali …
– svoboda se izpričuje v moralnem zakonu (čistega uma); Kaj mi veleva um? >> To, da
moram delovati v skladu z umnostjo, z občostjo, idividualnostjo… Delujem tako, da
bi jaz lahko hotel, da bi vsi tako delovali. >> npr. če vidim sendvič, iz njega ne smem
vzeti dveh rezin klobas oz. ga sploh ne smem vzeti, saj bo nekdo drug enkrat drugič
nekaj vzel meni; čisti um je sodnik obče veljavnosti. Čisti um nas loči od živali,, saj bi
npr. žival v tem primeru vzela klobaso >> dvig na obči nivo.
>> kategorični imprerativ; morala ima opravka z velelniki; gre za
brezpogojnost (npr.: »Ne laži!«)
· »Deluj tako, da lahko vodilo tvoje volje vselej velja kot načelo
obče zakonodaje!«
· formalizem; formalna etika. Kantova etika premalo govori o
dobrem, je zelo zadržan do srečnosti.
· moralo Kant utemelji na umu; govori o avtonomnosti narave:
(avto – nomos = sam – zakoni); sami si postavljamo zakone.
Kant je proti heteronomni morali, ko drugi določajo zakone
– postulati (= zahteve) praktičnega uma; um zahteva, da je racionalno vrjeti v naslednje
tri točke:
1. svoboda (>> možnost moralnosti kot take); ni izkustveno dejstvo, je nekaj, kar
moram izpričati, dokazovati… moramo pa vrjeti vanjo, postane »dejstvo« če jo
dokazujemo, če jo živimo.
2. neumrljivost duše ( >> možnost moralne popolnosti)
3. obstoj Boga (>> možnost pravičnosti, kjer sovpadata sreča in morala); um mi
pravi, da moram vrjeti, da obstaja neka pravičnost. Moralnost ni odvisna, če smo
srečni ali ne, če pa si kdo zasluži srečo, pa je to moralni človek. Pametno je vrjeti v
Boga, da bo pravično sodil, tistim, ki so živeli moralno in tistim, ki niso živeli
moralno.
– utemeljitev vere na morali (in umnosti); »Religija v mejah golega uma«
– pomen krščanstva: boj proti zlu v družbi
ideal moralno popolnega človeka (Kristus)
ideal moralno krepostne družbe (»nevidna Cerkev«) >> redukcija religije na
moralo
4.2 Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 – 1814) >> subjektivni idealizem
– izhodišče nemškega idealizma: (Kantov) čisti um
– Fichtejeva kritika Kanta: problem »stvari na sebi« in dedukcije kategorij razuma; ne
moremo govoriti o stvari na sebi, ker sem spet jaz tisti, ki to stvar določa
– karkoli je, je samo v relaciji do mene; nima smisla govoriti o stvari na sebi oz. subjekt
je tisto merilo, ki predstavlja stvarnost >> jaz sem tisti, ki nekaj predpostavlja
– vse tisto kar pa ni od mene odvisno, je utemeljeno v subjektu >> človekovo
subjektiviteto oz. um je temelj celotne stvarnosti … = temelj celotne stvarnosti:
transcedentalni »jaz«
– kako začenši od subjekta lahko prie do objekta oz. vzpostavitve celotnega sveta >>
(apriorna) izpeljava vseh pojavov (svet)
1. TEZA (»jaz sem jaz«, A = A) »jaz izvorno postavlja svojo lastno bit«;
2. ANTITEZA (jaz nisem ne-jaz, A ni – A) »jazu se postavlja nasproti nejazu#
3. SINTEZA (vzajemno določanje jaza in ne-jaza) »jaz postavi delnemu jazu
nasproti delni ne-jaz«
– trije koraki razložijo razvoj duha (jaza) v smeri mnoštva oz. nastanka vseh pojavov
(sveta) - vse realno je postavljeno zaradi subjekta >> subjektivni idealizem
4.3. Friedrich Willhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 – 1854)
– deli razumevanje narave, da je narava nekaj živega; ni zgolj brezumna materija oz.
mehanizem, temveč prežeta z duhom, umnostjo
– tisto kar filoz. imn. objekt je po Schellingu utelešenje duha; tisto kar je umno se
objektivira v objekt
– objektivni idealizem >> vse tisto kar je narava je utelešenje umnosti; duh (= v smislu
umnosti) ni nasproten naravi; je sicer neka materija ampak umno; um je tisto, kar
določa naravo
– filozofijo narave razlaga na umen način; tisto kar je prej veljajo kot nasprotje (narava
vs. duh), to zdaj prežema ista umnost >> za to mora obstajati isti temelj, pri Schellingu
je to Bog (to je absolutna indentiteta)
– Schellinugu očitali panteizem, ker je cela narava od Boga
4.4. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
4.4.1. Rojstvo Heglove dialektike
ABSOLUTNI IDEALIZEM: vidik celote, ki hkrati zaobjema in presega vsa nasprotja.
– naprej moramo razumeti zgodovinsko dogajanje njegovega delovanja (čas vojn in
franc. revolucij), t.j. iskati umnost »sedanjega in dejanskega, ne pa postavljanje nečesa
onostranskega« ® odkrivati idealno (umno) v realnem; Lutrovo iskanje »vrtnico na
križu sedanjosti«, na lesu križa je treba spoznavati Boga (= prispodoba istkati umno v
realnem)
>> naloga filozofije ne more biti samo iskanje nečesa idealnega, večnega;
lahko pride do idealizma >> naloga filozofije je dojeti realno, dojeti idealnost
(umnost) v tej realnosti; če izhajamo iz celote, ki je bistvena, ne more biti nekih
nesprotji
– razumevanje dejanskosti (zgodovine) ® filozofija kot »miselno dojemanje svojega
časa«; dojeti se mora umnost v zgodovini
– razpad grške polis (idealna državica) in konec francoske revolucije – nujna in potrebna
etapa v razvoju zgodovine zato, da bi nastala nova država, ki bi upoštevala človekovo
individualnost >> propadi so nujni za napredovanje; tisto, kar mislimo, da je negacija,
poraz, je nujno potrebno za razvoj
– notranja logika razvoja celotne stvarnosti ® dialektika
○ ne gre za statično umnost, ampak gre za neko dejavnost (biti ni nekaj
negibnega, ampak je postajanje »beeing >> becoming« v smislu dialektičnega
razvoja (preko lastnega zanikanja prehaja na višjo raven); preko lastnega
poraza prideš na neko novo fazo, prideš iz njega okrepljen, na tej novi fazi sem
bolj izkušen, okrepljen (ta faza negira tisto, kar smo imeli prej)
○ dialektika kot »logika« ali »zakon« absolutnega duha (preseganje
subjektivnega in objektivnega ter vseh nasprotij)
○ dialektika kot notranji »puls« celote (dejanskosti)
○ ekskurs: vpliv krščanstva na dialektiko; tisto kar filozof spekulativno misli,
kršč. razloži v zgodbah
○ »spekulativni Veliki petek« - smrt (negacija) Boga, da bi prišlo do vstajenja in
novega življenja, preseganje pripelje do Sv. Duha = spekulativen
SPEKULATIVNO = dojetje nasprotnega v skupno enotnost, umnost; lat.: speculum, zrcalo
4.4.2. Heglov sistem
– »Fenomenologija duha« (1807): pojavne oblike v razvoju duha
– »Enciklopedija filozofskih znanosti« (1817) – oris sistema
– temeljna triada pri Heglu:
1. čista misel ® logika (ideja v sebi in za sebe)
2. narava ® filozofija narave (ideja v drugem od sebe)
3. duh ® filozofija duha (ideja - po povratku - pri sebi)
1. logika ( ¬ »Znanost logike«; 1812)
– razlika od aristotelske logike (formalni zakoni mišljenja) ® logika = ontologija (=
teologija);
– triada: 1. bit; 2. bistvo; 3. pojem (Begriff)
– začetni stavek logike: »bit in nič je isto« ® postajanje kaj je večji
pojem? jablana ali drevo? drevo.. kateri pojem več pove: jablana… če pa vzamemo
najširši pojem - bit - z njim vse zaobsežemo nič pa ne povemo
Če razmišljamo o niču, že ni več nič.
1. filozofija narave
– povnanjena ideja, »utelešeni logos«
– triada: (njegovi pomeni,dela ko še fizika ni razvita) 1. Mehanika (abstraktni zakoni
fizike); 2. Fizika (naravna konkretnost); 3. Organika (razumeti živost,umno življenje)
– problem Heglove razlage narave v odnosu do naravoslovnih znanosti
1 . filozofija duha
– človek kot nosilec duha; DUH: po eni strani vezano na človeka, po drugi pa je nekaj
kar je nad posameznikom
a) subjektivni duh (pogled na duha z vidika človekove individualnosti; notranjost
človeka)
b) objektivni duh (resničevanje duha zunaj človeka; družbeno življenje in kultura)
c) absolutni duh (gre za vrhunec celotne dialektike; stvarnost prihaja do mišljenja
samega sebe >> samouzrtje elotne stvarnosti, ki vlada logiki v duhu, duhovno
življenje)
a) subjektivni du h: 1. antropologija, 2. fenomenologija, 3. psihologija (v njegovem času ni
današnja psihologija) >> Gre za vprašanja, ki zadevajo človekovo notranjost
b) objektivni duh (Hegelj to bolj povdarja) >> kako se umnost spaja z zunanjim svetom;
pravo, proizvod duha (človeka), je nekaj kar regulira naše delovanje, kako mi uredimo naš
svet
– svoboda ni neko notranje občutje, je smao takrat ko je v družbi svoboda; svoboda se
objektivira in postane realnost; nekaj v čemer živim. »Kako napraviti neko življenje,
ki je svobodno?« >> pravo (omogoča nam ne le notranjo ampak tudi zunanjo
svobodo)
– objektivni duh je objektivacija človekove svobode, to pa je objektivacija uma;
vprašanje objektivnega duha >> »Kakšna naj bo družba«?; ima tri ravni (triada)
1. legalnost (pravo kot vsota zakonov); poznan zakon, da je prepovedano
prevoziti rdečo luč >> zakon, ki je od zunaj postavljeno; legalni smo takrat, ko
upoštevamo zakone
2. moralnost (notranji moralni zakon; vest); nasprotje legalnosti je moralnost,
moja notranja obveznost, moja lastna dolžnost. Moralnost je, ko jz rečem, da je rdeča
luč na semaforju pametna >> vem, da je to pravilno;
3. naravnost (»objektivirana moralnost«); važno, da ponotranjim zakone, da je
to neka morala, ki postane način življenja; lahko se uresničuje na treh nivojih:
3.a) družina (naravna skupnost, rojen v neko naravno skupnost)
3.b) občanska družba (interesno združevanje, v ospredju posameznost,
prepoznavam svoje interese in se družim s tistimi, kiimajo iste)
3.c) država (»dejanskost ideje naravnosti«); utelešenje umnosti; objektivna
svoboda; organično razumevanje države(posameznik se vključuje v družbo);
dialektika med posameznim in občim, problem: očitanje, da preveč enači
državo s tedanjo monarhijo, jim piha na dušo)
c) absolutni duh ; absolutno pride do izraza v treh načinih:
– umetnost ; stik z absolutnim se pokaže na čutni način, umetnost doživimo
preko čutov. (prisotnost absolutnega na abstrakten in neposreden način
čutnega zaznavanja), pri umetnosti gre za občutje, ni pa še to zavdeno
– religija; tisto kar je absolutno prevede v predstavo, privede do zunjanjega
(zunanje = Bog) (predstava absolutnega kot nečesa zunanjega, kar se časti)
– filozofija; preseganje prvega in drugega; celota logika sveta se dojame v
razumevanju filozofa (pojmovno dojetje absolutnega; absolut misli samega
sebe, mišljenje, ki misli samega sebe)
4.4.3. Vprašanje religije in zgodovine
– razvoj religije:
1. Religija narave (vzhodnjaške religije, ki niso usmerjene v posameznika
ampak v naravo);
2. Religija umetnosti (grški bogovi, ki so projekcija človeka v bogove, so
bogovi po človeški podobi, z izjemo, da so nesmrtni);
3. Absolutna religija = krščanstvo, ki presega religijo narave in religijo
umetnosti; Bog sam sebe negira, prav zato, da vlada kot Sveti duh (znoraj
konfesij je luteranstvo nad katolištvom >> luteranstvo je bolj sekularizirano:
ideje prenesejo v življenje)
– religija kot »substanca« države; pri religiji gre za neka moralna merila, ki sovpadajo z
idealom države; subtanca v smislu moralni način življenja
– Heglov »panlogizem« in vprašanje panteizma; pri Heglu Bog ne more biti ločen od
sveta. Heglov Bog je duh, ki v razvoju celote prihaja do samega sebe. (Bog je logika)
– zgodovina kot udejananje umnosti; razvoj celotne zgodovine je umno, um vodi
zgodovino oz. se dogaja kot umna zgodovina; cilj zgodovine; prihod duha k samemu
sebi in objektivna svoboda (»zvijača uma«) >> svetovni um je zvijačen ker po
neumnostih pride do umnosti,, na koncu vedno zmaga umnost; zgodovina je
napredovanje uma
– odrešenjska zgodovina soupada s svetovno zgodovino (božja previdnost pri Heglu
postane umnost)
4. OD IDEALIZMA K MATERIALIZMU
– Heglova dediščina: desni (»staroheglovci«) in levi heglovci (»mlado-heglovci«): obrat
k ateizmu in materializmu, kjer se podarja dialektični mment negacije – kot zanikanja
in rušenja obstoječega >> povdarjajo 2. momet (negacijo)
5.1. Ludwig Feuerbach
>> Poudarja ne le umnost ampak tudi čutnost, telesnost; kritizira Hegla, ker preveč povdarja
umnost
– skrivnost teologije je antropologija; človek ustvari Boga glede na svoje lastno
izkustvo, ustvari si predstavo v katero prenese temlejne lastnosti, ki pa niso last.
posameznega človeka ampak celotnega človeštva, npr.: posamezen človek je umrljiv,
celotno človeštvo pa ne >> Bog kot projekcija človeškega bistva
– problem odtujitve (= alienacije): človek se odtuji od samega sebe; človek časti voje
bistvo kot nekaj zunanjega, sam sebe pa se razvrednoti >> Bog na ta način nevarna
iluzija, ker človek sam na sebe gleda slabšalno
– prednost vere pred ljubeznijo – vzrok za verske vojne; človeku bolj važno za versko
resnico, kot pa za sočloveka; nekdo, ki drugače veruje postane vzrok za nasilje
– je zagovornik ateizma; je boljši od vere, saj je toleranten
– Feuerbach se zavzema za »religjijo človeške ljubezni«
○ preoblikovanje religije v ljubezni med ljudmi
○ zaveda se, da se religije ne more odpraviti, ampak, da se jo zamenja za
ljubezen >> ljubezen med zakoncema najbolj čista
○ antropoteizem – (ateistična) religija človeške ljubezni kot substanca
države
5.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
>> Heglov vpliv; Marxova kritika Hegla (»obrniti Hegla na glavo«), kar je osnovno pri
Marxu so materilane oz. ekonomske razmere v katerih človek živi
5.2.1. Filozofsko obdobje (mladi Marx)
– religija je izraz globlje družbene odtujitve
– religija je izraz nepravičnih družbenih odnosov – zatočišče za tiste, ki živijo v revščini
in bedi
– religija je opij za ljudstvo: bogatejši imajo opij, nižji sloj pa religijo
– stanje družbe je problematično – tukaj je treba iskati odtujitve; je nepravično in kliče
po preseganju
– človeka gleda skozi očala ekonomsko-socialnih odnosov >> temeljna človekova
dejavnost je delo; delo je tudi objektivacija duha – način kako človek sebe prenese v
proizvode dela. Človek se izraža skozi to kar napravi, delo je počlovečenje narave. če
so ti proizvodi dela človeku odtujeni, potem pride do odtujitve človeka
– v kapitalizmu človek postane oblika delovne sile, ki prodaja svoje delo in se ne more
identificirati s tistim, kar pri tem ustvari; kapitalist delavca plača toliko, kolikor je
nujno potrebno >> kapitalizem je problematičen, ker človeka razčloveči – ta sistem je
v svojem jedru nepravičen
5.2.2. Politično (ideološko obdobje)
– to stanje, ki je zahteva, da se vanj vključimo in ga spremenimo
– cilj našega uvida je, da bi spremenili svet
– filozofija se razume kot politični program – kako bo potrebno spremeniti družbo
– Marks želi napisati program, ki ga imn. komunistični manifest – napraviti skupno
lastnino, kjer ne bo več izkoriščanja in bo presegla obstoječo družbo
○ komunistični manifest (1848) je postal osnova komunističnega gibanja
○ uvede pojem razreda: eden izkorišča in drugo so izkoriščeni
○ v kapitalizmu sta ta dva razreda: kapitalisti, ki izkoriščajo tiste, ki nimajo nič
○ vlada razredni boj: vsak takšen boj kliče po prehodu na neko novo raven
○ to nasprotje med dvema razredoma kliče po tem, da se bo ta napetost sprostila
z nekim obratom >> z revolucijo bi delavski razred prevzel oblast in
vzpostavil komunistično družbo (ne bo več privatne lastnine)
○ potrebno je napraviti zavest delavcem – proletariata morajo se zavedati, da
je v njih nek potencial oz. naloga, da spremenijo ta dr. sistem
○ Marks verjame, da je revolucija v prihodnosti nujna; vprašanje kdaj bojo
delavci dobili to zavest, da jo bojo izvedli
5.2.3. Znanstveno obdobje - Kapital (1867)
– ne smemo ostati na ravni ideologije, utopije
– verjame, da to kar on razvije je znanstvena analiza; z analizo družbe uvidimo to nujo
konca kapitalizma in s tem pripravljamo pot novi stvarnosti, ki ne bo utopija ampak bo
postala realna >> delo, ki bi znan. analiziralo družbo: Kapital
– v dr. lahko razlikujemo ekonom. bazo/ osnovo in dr. nadgradnja; družbena baza je
ekonomija, proizvajanje dobrin
– osnova družbe je materialno-ekonomska osnova; ta osnova je osnova za obliko dr.
zavesti(država, umetnost, religija); kakršna je eko. baza, to določa kako se bo mislilo
in kakšne bojo ideje
– država je takšna kot jo usmerjamo producijski odnosi – kapitalisti bojo posrkbeli, da
se bo razvila kapitalistična filozofija; če bomo spremenili odnose, se bo preoblikovala
družbena zavest in religija bo odmrla, ker bojo boljši pogoji
– razumevanje zgodovine: v vsakem zgo obdobju sta se razvila dva razreda:
izkoriščevalci in izkoriščeni, v neki točki je to propadlo, prišlo je do novega sistema,
ki spet regeneriral razliko (dva razreda).Nova temeljna sila postanejo meščani, ki so se
razvili iz obrtništva
– analiza presežne vrednosti: na znan. način želi pokazati kaj je to presežno >>
delavec, ki proizvaja različne dobrine proizvede več kot on dobi, to presežno vrednost
si prilasti kapitalist – izkoriščanje. V kapitalizmu to blago in denar postane fetiš
(predmet, ki ga častimo kot božanskega) >> nov Bog
– Marskova ideja: novo počlovečenje človeka; kapitalizmu očita razčlovečenje človeka;
verjame, da je človek izvorno dober, in da njega pokvari družba
6. PREDHODNIKI SODOBNOSTI
6.1. Sören Kierkegard (1813-1855) >> eksistencialist, religiozni pisec
– vpr. povezana s človeškim življenjem
– govori o svoji eksistencialni izkušnji >>vplival na filozofijo in literaturo
– življenje je tisto, ki bo izhodišče in cilj razmišljanja
– občutek krivde, ki ga nenehno spremlja – verjame, da je to neka teža, ki visi and
njegovo družino – greh očeta, zaradi katerega je vsa družina zaznamovana >> tragična
senzibilnost – melahnoličnost (sam razdre zaroko, ker se je čutil nesposobnega,
zaročenke ni nikoli prebolel)
– kritizira množično krščanstvo – takšno krščanstvo zakrije resnost individualnega kr.
6.1.1. Z avrnite v Hegla in institucionalnega krščanstva
– individualnost človeka ne moremo podrediti nekemu sistemu; sistem na nek način
vedno duši posamezno, ker to privede v obče
– posameznik je takšna enkratnost, ki je ne moremo privesti v obče pojme; posameznik
je zunaj sistema – posamečnik je bolj temeljno od sistema
– mišljenje ne more nikoli izraziti enkratnost naše eksistence
– kritizira množično krščanstvo – takšno krščanstvo zakrije resnost individualnega kr.
○ krščanstvo se rodi kot moj odgovor na Božji odgovor
○ edino kar šteje je absolutno individualen posamezen odgovor
○ kr. ni sprejetje občih navodil
○ sama vera ne bo pot v neko gotovost in udobje, temveč podati se na pot
individualnega iskanja odločitev, ki mu jih en more nihče prevzeti in za katere
ni splošnih navodil >> vera: podati se v avanturo zaupanja, ki ni nekaj lahkega
6.1.2. D rama eksistence – tri ravni bivanja
– estetična raven
○ pomeni življenje, kjer vladajo čuti
○ zasledovanje sreče in ugodja, pri čemer se človek ne želi vezati, ampak hoče
pustiti vse odprto, da bo lahko užival
○ v tem načinu življenja ostaja neka praznost, ker stalno nekaj iščemo
○ preko izkustva ironije je človek sposoben preseči to raven
– etična raven
○ podreditev splošnim moralnim normam
○ sprejetje ustaljenega vzorca, ki velja sprejemljiv v družbi, postaneš spodoben
državljan
○ nudi zadovoljstvo in gotovost
○ svoje zadovoljitve ne moreš v polnosti doseči, ker se podredimo neki občosti
– religiozna raven
○ preseganje občosti, da imam svojo individualnost>> posameznik pred Bogom
○ ko prisluhneš sebi, tistemu presežnemu oz. se odpreti odnosu z Bogom
○ kdo sem jaz? v kaj sem poklican? tu sem sam pred Bogom
○ lahko obstajajo splošne norme, ampak v tem sem sam pred Bogom in sam
sprejemam odločitve – nihče se ne more odločati namesto mene
○ najvišja raven eskistence
○ resnoba našega bivanja – nihče se ne more odločiti namesto nas, mi sami
moramo dati odgovor
○ takšna religioznost je nekaj težkega: nemir, paradoks, zaplujemo v odprto
morje, čeprav ne vemo kaj nas čakaAbraham se odloči za odnos z Bogom –
tako je najbolj zvest sebi
· religioznost A: Sokrat – biti zvest sebi, Božjemu klicu (nekrščanska
religioznost)
· religioznost B: vera je paradoks (križ vzamemo kot lep simbol,
pozabimo pa, da je na njem nekdo umrl) - resnoba
6.1.3. T esnoba, obup in vera
– razumevanje človekove eksistence iz eksistence same
– človeka primarno zaznamuje svoboda, ki pomeni nedoločenost v smislu možnosti (pes
ni svoboden)
– moremo se odločiti kdo bomo; skozi naše odločanje mi sebe določamo
– možnost je težja od dejanskosti (čakanje v zobozdravstveni ordinaciji), ker vemo, da
bi se lahko drugače odločali >> ker imamo to nujnost odločanja čutimo tesnoboskozi
➢ tesnoba je pozitivno stanje: v tesnobi se zavedamo resnosti situacije – vemo da
gre zares >> ker gre zares se toliko bolj sprašujemo ali lahko kakšna možnost
zadovolji človeka – možnost obupa ali bega pred obupom >> razvedrilo: vera
kot sprejetje svoje eskistence – ne bo lahko, ampak vedel bom, da sem v to
življenje jaz osebno poklican – obrat k enkratnosti
6.3. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
6.3.1. kritika zahodne kulture in nihilizem
– Nietzsche ima zelo globoko misel, ima svojo logiko; ni samo kritik spoznanja, temveč
se vpraša o celotni zahodni kulturi >> z. kulturo zaznamuje krščanstvo, grška
filozofija – Platon, Rim; platonizem je tisti, ki zaznamuje zahodni misel in krščanstvo
– to zahodno kulturo opredeljuje specifični vrednostni sistem
– raziskuje predsokratično Grčijo; ko razmišlja o grškem načinu življenja pred Sokratom
vidi, da lahko vidimo dva nasprotna elementa, ki vzpostavljata pomembno napetost:
bog Dioniz in bog Apolon
➢ Dioniz: veseljačenje, strast, omama, kipenje, stik z naravo in presežnim
kipenje življenje, ki si mora dati duška
➢ Apolon - gr. bog lepote: lepota je razmerje, ki je povezana z mero in
zmernostjo moment, ki poskuša življenju dati okvire ter ga omejiti
– s koncem tragedije pride do prevlade tega momenta in potlačenje tega kar bi bil
dionistični element
– prav zaradi tega, da je treba življenje regulirati se zgodi, da ta čutni svet ni pravi svet –
resnica je ideja
– N. vidi nezaupnico temu svetu, ki ga imamo v korist tega presežnega sveta >> pravi
svet je onkraj
– N. verjame, da grška metafizika kot krščanstvo zanikata življenje, negirata življenje in
postavita nek drug svet, ki je pristno življenje; v tem zanikanju je nihilizem zahodne
kulture (nihilizem-nauk, ki prepoznava nič tam, kjer mi mislimo, da je)
– vrednote zahodne kulture so vrednote, ki zanikajo življenje – niso prave vrednote in
zato se bo enkrat pokazalo, da niso prave vrednote; te vrednote so v krizi zato, ker se
samo razgalja to, da so ničelne (zgrajene so na zanikanju)
– življenjska sila, ki je v nas je tista, ki vlada celoti – različno razporejena (so ljudje, ki
so po naravi šibki); razdeli ljudi na šibke in močne: močnih je malo, šibkih pa veliki
– zahodna morala je zmaga vrednost šibkih, ki so protiživljenjske vrednote
– N. je glasnik nove morale >> verjame, da v tem času, ko šibke vrednote propadajo, se
odpira prostor za nadčloveka, ki bo sposoben dati nove vrednote in bo zagovarjal
življenjsko moč – življenje bo imelo prosto pot
6.3.3. S mrt Boga in večno življenje
– Bog je samo najvišja izmed vrednost – zadnji garant, da vse fuknc. >> vse izgublja
svojo prepričljivost, zato jo izgublja tudi Bog – smrt Boga
– »večno vračanje enakega« – najvišji izraz volje, največja moč - »amor fati«: ljubezen
do usode kot brezpogojna ljubezen do življenja; nova »religioznost«
1.1 Zgodovinske predpostavke
1.1 .1 Družbene spremembe
– klasifikacija zgo. odvisna od našega pogleda; priti mora do velikih sprememb, da
sploh lahko govorimo o vzpostavitvi nove dobe >> spremembe, ki napravijo
kapitalen prehod morajo biti obsežne in med seboj povezane
– sr.vek je filozofsko vezan na stari vek
– konec srednjega veka (1492): veliko sprememb na različnih ravneh, ki zaključujejo
sr. vek in hkrati pomenijo izgubo trdnosti, ki jo je imel sred. človek, npr.:
a) odkritje kompasa (napredek navtične tehnike, omogoča dolga potovanja,
pridemo do odkritja novih svetov, odkrivanje daljne Azije in njihove
kulture, Evropa se sooči z povsem novmi kulturami) >> to postavi pod
vprašaj tvoje mišljenje… kaj je prav?
b) odkritje tiska (Guttenberg): velika proliteracija znanja, knjige dostopne
velikemu številu ljudi, znanje postaja bolj dostopno širšemu krogu ljudi >>
večja izmenjava misli
c) odkritje smodnika: spremeni način vojskovanja, padec viteškega stanu
– l. 1453 pade Bizanc (= kršč. evropski vzhod). Iz Bizanca pride na zahod veliko
učenjakov, ki znajo grško in tudi to vpliva na to, da je Platon v renesansi velik hit.
– v umetnosti se odkrije načelo perspektive, ki spremneni slikarstvo
– sprememba v razumevanju vesolja >> Nikolaj Kopernik zasnuje drugačno
razumevanje vesolja; Zemlja ni več v središču, ampak je Sonce (heliocentrični
sistem zamenja geocentrični sistem). Zemlja ni več središče; tj. Človek nima več
glavne besede v vesolju >> izguba varnosti in gostovosti, ki jo je imel staroveški
človek.
– Kako pride Kopernik do tega spoznanja? Matematični izračuni >> v znanost na
poseben način vstopi matematika. Aristoelova znanost ne potrebuje matematike,
ker niti ni tako zasnovana. Stara zanost poudarja kvalitete in ne gradi na kvantiteti.
Matematika izraža kvantitativno, vedno se gre za izračune. Če opisujemo drevo je
opisovanje kvalitativno, če se vprašamo o hitrosti je to opisovanje kvantitativno.
– Rojstvo novoveške znanosti, se razlikuje od atnične zanosti v tem, da poskuša
naravo razložiti v mat. relacijah in v znanost vključi matematiko.
– Matematizacija: logiko narave poskušamo odkriti: Galileio pravi, da je narava
napisana z mat. pismenkami. Stara znanost je vrejela, da obstaja nek red stvari,
kjer je bilo v ospredju bistvo človeka.
Aristotelska znanost je deduktivna znanost. Dedukcija: od nečesa občega,
splošnega, unverzalnega, zaključi to na posamezni primer. Matem. je deuktiva:
temeljne zakonitosti in iz tega pridemo do določenih zaključkov.
– Novoveška znanost >> Induktivna metoda: iz večih posameznih primerkov
poskuša zaključiti nekaj občega. Poiščemo več posameznih primerov in jih
povežemo v nekaj skupnega, npr. vidiš veliko belih labodov >> sklep: vsi labodi
so beli. NE vemo kateri je tisti splošni red, zato iz opazovanja posameznikov
iščemo obče lastnosti. Gre za opazovanje in posploševanje. Vsak eksperiment je
vprašanje narave, v tem smislu je novomeška znanost agresiven do narave. Ne
opazuje narave, ampak hoče vedeti kako deluje, poskušamo jo razložiti.
1 . 1.2. Humanizem in renesansa
– velja za predhodno obdobje >> iskanje novih poti mišljenja, gre za čas
eksperimentiranja
– fr. beseda renesans: ponovno rojstvo >> ponovno vračanje k grški antiki. Povezana
s tem, da je veliko grških filoz. po padcu Bizanca prišlo na zahod.
– RENESANSA >> razcvet mistike in magije; Giordano Bruno (2.pol. 16.st.): žrtev
inkvizicije. Pri njemu je šlo za mistični panteizem: Bog je eno z vesoljem,
verjame, da je Bog vse. Bog ni ločen od stvarnosti, Bog je stvarnost. Vesolje in
narava = Bog. Obstaja lahko neskončno št. vesolij.
– HUMANIZEM: označuje neko usmeritev, pomeni, da se zopet v odporu do
srednjeveške sholastike v ospredje postavi človeka in teme ki so povezane z njim,
npr.: jezik, zgodovina. Spremljevalec renesanse >> obrat k človeku,
individualnosti, posamezniku. Pristop do človeka in razumevanje njega. V
ospredje postavita človeka.
1.1.3 . Luther in reformacija
– reformacijo štejemo pod neposredne vplive na novoveško filozofijo
– znano vprašanje pri Luthru: Kako najdem milostljivega Boga? Kako bo Bog do
mene, grešnika, milosten? >> Ta vprašanja se vežejo samo NAME.
– vprašanje osebnega odrešenja (individualnosti), problem gotovosti v smislu
osebnega odrešenja. Če je v sr. veku veljalo, da se človek lahko odreši sam, Luther
to zaostri in pravi, da nas lahko odreši samo Bog.
– razprava o milosti: Bog je tisti, ki človeka odrešuje. Preko Kristusa je bilo človeku
podarjeno odrešenje. Milost je dar, ni nujnost. Človek mora z dobrimi deli
prispevati k temu, da bo potem odrešen. Pojavijo se zlorabe z odpustki. Človek
sam od sebe se ne more odrešiti, edino kar človek lahko naredi je to,da veruje >>
vse je odvisno od Božje milosti (Sola gracia). Problem milosti je negotovost, ker
ne vem če bo Bog do mene milosten.
– razprava med dominikanci in jezuiti (16.stol.) >> Kako razumeti človekovo
samostojnost če je vse odvisno od Boga? Če je nekdo pohvaljen da dela dobro. >>
Ali sem to naredil sam, iz svoje moči ali je k temu prispeval Bog?«
1.1. Filozofska dediščina: vzpon nominalizma
– »via moderna« (nominalizem) >> nova pot
– »via antiqua« (realizem) >> stara pot, ki jo zasnuje T. Akvinski
– ontološko: ko govorimo o tistem, kar je, o bivajočem
– ORIS TAKRATNE KULTURE: Pariška univerza (2. polovica 14. stoletja):
natisnjeno še enkrat več knjig, ki so usmerjene proti nominalizmu.
NOMINALIZEM(prenese poudarek na
individ.)
»via moderna« voluntarizem
REALIZEM (prenese pudarek na občost)
»via antigua« intelektualizem
volja (svoboda) razum (nujnost)
individualnost (posamičnost); vsa imena, tudi
tista, ki veljajo za obče nimajo nobene
ontološke osnove. V stvarnosti ni
vnaprejšnega reda, temveč so v naravi
razične posamičnosti.
univerzalnost (občost)
posamične stvaritve, posamičnost pred
univerzalnostjo, Bog ustvarja v svobodi
obča bistva
i mena (nomen) p ojmi (concept)
Božja volja
Enkratnost, prigodnost: zaupa temu kar Bog
hoče, kaj hoče. Ne zaupa človeku. Če nekaj
Božja modrost (razum)
(obči) red stvarnosti. Če nekaj mislim
razumno, lahko vsak tako misli.
naredim po svoji volji, ne morem
pričakovati, da bo nekdo naredil isto. Bog je
tebe hotel , kot tebe; ni bilo univerzalne
nujnosti.
»skriti Bog«
Spoznanje po učikih milosti
pečat Boga v stvarstu umsko spoznanje Boga
problem metafizike; svarnost nima nekega
metafizičnega reda, zato bo vsako
spoznavanje Boga postalo problematično
metafizika
induktivna znanost (če imam posameznike,
pa bom poskušal inducirati neko občost)
deduktivna znanost (iz občega se vse
zreducira na posamezno)
doživljajska duhovnost; ni razumske
duhovnosti, ampak doživljajsko doživljanje
milosti. Gre se predvsem za empirično plat.
kontemplativna duhovnost; kontemplacija:
da razumevajoče gleda, vidiš = razumevajoč
vpogled
praksa >> kriterij znanja je predvsem praxa teorija (kontemplacija): cilj znanja je uvideti,
razumeti …
1. RACIONALIZEM
– Novoveški obrat k subjektu. Izguba gotovosti. Prej je bil Kozmos, svet je bil urejen.
Naenkrat človek postane sam. Luter: jaz sam se bom odrešil >> razmislek iz mene
samega→novoveški obrat k subjektu. Nov pojem subjekta (»jaz«) in objekta (zunanji
svet). Vse se začenja v subjektu, iz mene samega.
– Problem spoznanja zunanjega sveta→problem metode. Vprašanje: kako lahko poznam
svet zunaj sebe? >> Novi vek: izhodišče postane individualnost, iz česar izhaja
problem spoznanja. Po kakšni poti naj človek pride do gotovosti v vedenju? Vprašanje
poti je vprašanje metode, kako doseči pravo in gotovo spoznanje. Pojavita se dva
odgovora, dve možnosti (racionalizem(um) vs. empirizem (čutno izkustvo))
1.1. Rene Decartes (1596 – 1650)
– velja za prvega filozofa Novega veka. Temeljno gibalo Descartesa je problem
negotovosti→kje je mogoče najti zanesljivo spoznanje? Izvor gotovosti je za
Descartesa matematika.
2.1.1 . Nova utemeljitev znanja
– Razvidnost za Descartesa je jasna in razločna ideja→ matematika (2+3=5→jasna
ideja). Prava razvidnost je v umskem uvidu, ne v čutih. Razvije pravila rabe uma
(Pravila prave rabe uma (Descartesova metoda)):
a)Pravilo razvidnosti (→jasna in razločna ideja)
b)Pravilo analize
c)Pravilo sinteze
d)Pravilo preventive (preverimo vse dosedanje korake)
– Resnica=gotovost (verum=certum); Kaj je bistvo resnice? Izhodišče je subjekt.
Resnica se preseli v gotovost.
– Metodični dvom (aktiven, hoten, sistematičen, radikalen), ni dvom skeptikov→gre za
dvom, ki ima vlogo v metodi. Metodičen dvom se primerja s košaro jabolk. Če je eno
jabolko gnilo, lahko postanejo gnila tudi druga
2.1.1 . Postavitev novih ontoloških izhodišč
– ontološki dokaz za božje bivanje (ideja Boga sama v sebi vključuje božje bivanje)
– ideja Boga; Decartes zanjo pravi, da te ideje ne more človek sam proizvesti, je
urojena, imeti mora Boga za svoj vzrok, Bog je tisti, ki v meni povzroči to idejo. V
idejo (= vsebina) Boga mora biti vključeno tudi njegovo bivanje. Že sama ideja
Boga vodi k temu, da Bog mora nujno obstajati.
– vprašanje zunanjega sveta je povezano z našimi čutnimi vtisi. Umu sem najprej sebi
najbljižji, potem je Bog, šele nato pa zunanji svet.
– Substanca (=substantia): v starem in srednjem veku se je razumela zelo široko; je vse
kar samostojno biva.
– Decartes pravi, da je substanca takšno bivajoče, ki ne potrebuje nečesa drugega za
obstoj, je neodvisno.
2.1.1 . Posledice Decartesove misli
– dualistično pojmovanje človeka; duša kot »cogito« (zavest), telo kot »stroj«
(mehanicizem). Dušo karakterizira mišljenje, telo pa je razumljeno kot ves zunanji
svet. Gre za mehanicistično razumevanje zunanjega sveta >> Ali lahko neko živo bitje
razložite kot nek kompleksen stroj? Kaj razlikuje neko živo telo od neživega? >>
Aristotel pravi, da jih oživlje tisto notranje »anima« (duša).
– Decartes telo, s tem ko ga napravi kot stroj, na nek način poniža. Duša je svoja lastna
substanca, zato je tudi neumrljiva. Človek je razpet med tema dvema substancama. >>
Decartes naredil škodo s dualističnim pojmovanjem človeka.
– Novoveški obrat: od subjekta k Bogu
– Bog kot ideja uma >> drža racionalizma; pri Decartesu se od subjekta pride do dokaza
Boga, oz. njegovega obstoja. Če je subjekt tisti, ki postane odgovoren za obstoj Boga,
potem Bog postane odvisen od subjekta in bo kmalu izgubil svojo prepričljivost; umre.
Pri religiji je ključen odnos, da Bog postane prvi in subjekt drugi. Ne sme biti obratno.
– Problem kartezijanstva za naslednike: učinkovanje med duhovno in telesno substanco.
2.2 Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
2.2.1 Racionalistični panteizem
– Praktično-etični cilj filozofije (srečnost); glavno delo: »Etika« (1677). Cilj filozofije ni
zgolj spoznanje, temveč življenje. Njegova filozofija temelji na tem, da bi človek
lahko srečno živel. Za Grke to pomeni »dobro delovati«. Znati živeti je srečno živeti.
– Novoveška koncepcija v ospredje postavi spoznanje.
– Bog je edina substanca (monoizem) in je hkrati istoveten s svetom oz. naravo
(panteize= Bog je vse). Panteizem: nauk, ki verjame, da ni ločenosti med Bogom in
svetom, temveč da je Bog eno s svetom, Bog je vse. Bog je edina substanca, svet ni
nekaj kar je ločeno od Boga. Svet = narava (lat. natura). MONIZEM: nauk pri katerem
gre za eno samo stvarnost, celotna stvarnost je nea sama, celotna stvarnost je Bog.
Človek potrebuje mistično razsežnost, da je lahko vse v Bogu.
– lat. DEUS sive NATURA sive SUBSTANTIA = Bog ali narava ali substanca
– »Kaj velja za panteističnega Boga?«
a) svoboden (svoboda kot spoznana, umna nujnost). Spinoza verjame, da
celotni naravi vlada umnost, vse kar se zgodi, se zgodi zaradi umnih
razlogov. Ko imamo opravka z razumom imamo opravka z nujnostjo, ta pa
ni v kontradikciji z svobodo (2+2=4). Če to spoznam, in ne more biti
drugače, je to svobodno spoznanje.
b) nujen (nujno biva in je večen)
c) »causa sui« (samo vzrok)
d) neskončen. Bog je neskončen, ker če bi bil končen, bi nujno moral mejiti na
nekaj na koncu.
– Razodevanje neskončne substance (Boga) glede na različne atribute v posameznih
končnih modusih (nam sta poznana samo atributa misli in razsežnosti). Ljudem sta
spoznana samo atributa misli in razsežnosti, v katerih se nam razodeva Bog.
– Bog in svet (narava) – zgolj formalna razlika »natura naturans« (narava, ki ustvarja =
Bog), »natura naturata« (ustvarjena narava) >> to sta dva vidka ene in iste stvarnosti.
– psiho-fizični paralelizem: vzporednost med mišljenjem in telesnostjo
ideje (misel) in telesa (razsežnost) sta dva vidika ene in iste stvarnosti (zgolj navidezen
problem medsebojnega povzročanja). Vsaka ideja, ki jo jaz mislim ima tudi svojo
ustrezno manifestacijo na telesni ravni (imam idejo hoje, hkrati pa tudi hodim). To, da
mislim hojo in hkrati hodim sta ena ideja, ki se razodeva v dveh vidikih.
2.2.2 . Osvoboditev od afektov
– Človekovo trpljenje - vladavina strasti (lat. passio) in afektov (čustveno stanje).
Problem človekovega trpljenja, je v tem, da ne razume, ne dojame umnosti. Naše
trpljenje je povezano z nerazumevanjem, to pa ima tudi nek telesni izra, ta telesni izraz
pa so strasti in afekti. Vsako umevanje je nekaj dejavnega, smo v vlogi nekoga, ki je
aktiven(ko pišemo,..), nekoga, ki aktivno dojema. Ko pa smo pasivni(nekaj kar utrpi
delovanje, ko čutimo,..). Vse strasti bolijo, ker jih ne moremo obvladovati. Pri
utrpelostih, afektih imamo opraavka z nejasnimi idejami.
– Vzrok trpljenja strasti oz. afekti. Afekti so stanja, ki se dogajajo človeku, so čustva.
Človek je podvržen afektom ali strastem, ki imajo nejasne ideje v umu. Namreč, če se
nek pojav, pod nekim vidikom mora razodevati pod drugimi vidiki, to pomeni, da vse
kar se telesno razodeva se tudi umsko >> anfekti na umski ravni pomenijo nejasno; oz
čutno spoznanje
– Tri stopnje spoznanja:
1. Čutno spoznanje ali domišljija (imaginatio): neadekvatne ideje,
osvoboditev od nejasnih idej >> napraviti jasne ideje; doseži
spoznanje, ki bo ustvarilo adekvatne ideje in s tem doseči telesno
stanje, ki ne bo več pasivno in afektov.
2. Umsko spoznanje (ratio): adekvatne ideje. Kaj naredim ko se
jezim? >> rešitev je ugotoviti kaj se dogaja, da se zavem kaj se
dogaja. Iz pasivnega bitja preidem v aktivno bitje. Z umskim
spoznanjem pridemo do odrešenja. Najvišje razumevanje je da
dojameš, da vse kar se dogaja, da se mora tako dogajati in je
utemeljeno v neki nujnosti.
3. Neposredni uvid (intuitio): Najvišje razumevanje je da dojameš, da
vse kar se dogaja, da se mora tako dogajati in je utemeljeno v neki
nujnosti. Ljubiš resnico, ljubiš Boga >> »amor intellectualis Deo«.
Uvid je ko nekaj razumeš in dojameš, da stvarnost ni spremenljiva,
je ista kot matematika. Ne moreš je spreminjati. Stvarnost je takšna
kot je in jo moraš sprejeti.
– Odrešenje v spoznanju – »stoični racionalizem« CILJ: najti človekovo odrešenje, je
življenje. Odrešeno življenje je prav to odrešenje v spoznanju. »Kaj pa je z drugimi
ljudmi, ki niso sposobni filozofskega spoznanja? Za njih je dobra vera.«
2.3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1647-1716)
2.3.1 Metafizika kot monadologija
– Je eden zadnjih univerzalnih duhov (=zelo širok mislec), filozof, pravnik, matematik,
fizik (zakon o ohranitvi energije), tehnika, teolog … Je posrednik med staroveško in
novovešo filozofijo.
– Vpelje pojem monade: metafizični atomi (onkraj fizične pojavnosti) in substance >>
mnoštvo substanc. Ni moč mehansko razložiti sveta, mora obstajati nek metafizični
dejavnik (globlja sila). V vsaki fizikalni stvarnosti je nek metafizični princip, imn.
monada. Monada je duša, kogito. Ni podvržena fizikalnim zakonom, hkrati tudi ni
podvržena propadu. Brez metafizičnega nosilca stvari ne bi bile to, kar so.
– Ustvarjene od Boga, neodvisne od fizičnega sveta. Monade lahko delujejo samo preko
Boga. Bog je umno bitje, ki v vsako monado vloži nek umni razvoj, vsako monado je
»programiral«.
– Ustvari hierarhijo monad: človek ima svojo monado, rastlina svojo, celo anorgansko
ima svoje monade >> razvoj monad po božji previdnosti
– Vnaprejšnja usklajenost (harmonija praestabilita). Vrhovni um, je naredil vse v
harmoničnih odnosih. Sploh ni realnega povzročanja in vzrokov, temveč imamo zgolj
navidezno povzročanje, ker vse poteka po navideznem programu. Vse poteka že po
vnaprej določenem redu in po njem tudi komunicirajo med seboj. Boga razume kot
urarja, ki ureja nek mehanizem. Celotni stvarnosti vlada racionalni red.
2.3.2 Racionalistični optimizem in teodiceja
– Načelo zadostnega razloga >> Bog je ustvaril najboljšega izmed možnih svetov
(Leibnizov optimizem). Ta svet ima največ pestrosti, hkrati pa mora upoštevati
določene logične zakone. Vse je umno, torej ima vse razlog. Vse kar se dogaja je
umno. Če je Bog umen, izbere tisto možnost, ki je najbolj umna.
– Problem zla v svetu >> opravičenje Boga ( »teodiceja« Leibnizova skovanka) »Od
kod zlo?« Za Avguština zlo ni ustvarjeno, ampak je umanjkanje nečesa. Bog ne ustvari
zla. Bog ustvari vse dobro, dobro pa se lahko okvari.
– Razlikovanje zla (zlo=umanjkanje); umanjkanje pomeni, da nimamo nečesa kar bi
bilo, ampak je prisotna neka negacija. Npr.: slepota je umanjkanje vida; nekaj, kar bi
moralo biti manjka. Leibniz razlikuje več vrst zla:
I. metafizično zlo (lat. malum): pomanjkanje popolnosti, npr.:
potres, če je rač. pokvarjen …
II. fizično zlo: bolezen, okvara zdravja
III. moralno zlo: religiozno poimenovan greh (to velja samo za
človeka)
3. EMPIRIZEM
– mravlje predstavniki empiristov, ker vseskozi nekaj zbirajo
– odgovarja na temljno vprašanje metode >> kako doseči spoznanje?
– zagovarja čutno izkustvo, stališče, da je vsako spoznanje moralo priti iz izkustva naših
čutil >> vir spoznanja je čutno izkustvo, ki povzroči nezaupanje v um
– ne sprejeme nauka o rojenih idejah (to, da je v naš razum dano neko vedenje že od
začetka)
– razvije se v anglo-saškem svetu, anglo-saška filozofija ostaja na nivoju »zdrave
pameti« (common sense)
– posledice za vprašanje Boga in religioznosti; »Ali imamo kakšno izkustvo, ki nas
lahko privede do obstoja Boga?«
3.1. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
3.1.1. Prenova znanosti in »človeško kraljestvo«
– navdušen nad tedanjimi tehničnimi odkritji >> 3 odkritja (tisk, kompas, smodnik)
– človek ima sveto dolžnost, da spozna sveto naravo in, da si z odkritji pomaga pri
boljšem življenju >> človek bi postal gospodar nad naravo in si pomaga do boljšega
življenja
– »Novi organon« končano delo Bacona; Bacon zahteva, da se napravi nova
metodologija, novi temelji za znanost
– uporabnost in korisnost znanja; preko znanosti se bodo pridobile nove tehnične
pridobitve
– vrjeme, da obstajajo bistva (forme) stvari, ki jih iščemo, da bi nad njimi gospodovali
3.1.2 Kritika idolov in induktivna metoda
– premalo se posvečamo naravi in njenim pojavom
– »idoli« zmote človeškega uma; um nam zaradi določenih zmot, ki so v njem, popači
celotno stvarnost. Pogoj za spoznanje sveta je »očiščenje« uma.
* idol (slo. malik): ni pravo božanstvo, je zmotno
– idoli plemena (človeškega rodu): zmote, ki so lastne vsakemu človek oz. celotnemu
človeškemu rodu… antroponorfno gledanje: po človeško zaznavamo stvarnost,
preveliko vključevanje človeškega vidika
– idoli votline (posameznika): prisopodoba notranjega sveta; posameznik, z lastnmi
zmotami
– idoli trga (jezika in njegovih tvorb); trg je kot prostor srečevanja ljudi: v
sporazumevanju ljudje uporabljajo pojme, ki zaživijo med sabo in nimajo nobene
osnove, npr.: »… mi bo nekdo izmeril energijo..«, »..nekdo ima slabo energijo…« Vsi
uporabljamo to besedo, pa je nihče pravzaprav ne razume.
– idoli gledališča (miselnih konstruktov): filoz. sistemi so podobno kot gledališke
zgodbe; gre za kritiko dotedanjih filoz. sistemov, ki nimajo realne osnove
INDUKTIVNA METODA:
– zbiranje podatkov (opazovanje dejstev) iz narave in izdelava tabel
– iskanje lastnosti, ki določajo bistvo (formo) stvari
– tovrjenje hipotez in njihovo preverjanje; znanost hipotetična, saj vedno lahko
odkrijemo nekaj novega, kar lahko ovrže prejšnjo hipotezo
NAPREDEK KOT DOKAZ (IN KRITERIJ) RESNICE
– filoz. pragmatizem: resnično je tisto, kar deluje (»it's true because it works«)
praktični kriterij je glavni
3.2. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1697)
– vse stvari so materialne, telesne; filoz. je potemtakem veda o telesih
– razlikuje naravna in umetna telesa (=skupnosti; država je umetno telo)
– spremenjen pogled na državo v novem veku; novi vek gleda na državo kot na
izhajajočo iz posameznika >> prvenstvo posameznika, drugotnost države
– država: umetna forma, mora dobiti utemeljitev z vidika posameznika. »Kako
utemeljiti državo?« … »umetni« nastanek države je posledica družbene
pogodbe
– novo razumevanje suverenosti (oblasti); vprašanje oblasti se obrne na narod;
oblast mora izhajati iz naroda ne iz kralja (od spodaj navzgor) …
HOBBESOVA UTEMELJITEV DRŽVAVE:
– v naravnem stanju bi bili zgoj posamezniki, ti pa nimajo naravne dobrosti, ampak
iščejo svojo lastno potrditev in s tem ogrožajo druge >> vojna vseh proti vsem;
negotovost (homo homini lupus – človek človeku volk). Vsak človek je drugemu
človeku potencialna nevarnost.
– družbena pogodba : je nujna potreba zaradi preživetja: odpoved lastni suverenosti v
korist vladarja. Posledično to pomeni, da bo vladar postal absoluten. Odpoved
suverenosti zavoljo mirnega in pravičnega življenja.
– absolut(istič)na država: absoluten vladar (»Leviatan«): upor proti vladarju dovoljen le
v primeru smrtne ogroženosti. Vladar naj bi bil moder vladar, nek filozof.
3.3. John Locke (1632 – 1704) >> postavi temelje liberarizmu
3.3.1. Analiza človeškega spoznanja
– proti vrojenim idejam (človeški duh je »tabula rasa«); »Nič ni v razumu, kar ne bi bilo
poprej v čutilih.«
– Locke – začetnik angleškega razsvetljenstva (kljub omejitvam uma mu še vedno
pripisuje temeljno vlogo); meje razuma ® nujnost tolerance
3.3.2. Vprašanje Boga in vere
– Boga je mogoče dokazati (® obstoj Stvarnika ni vprašljiv); drugače je pri krščanski
veri, ki temelji na razodetju; Pri posredovanem razodetju sprejme tisto, kar ni proti
razumu.
– sprejetje posredovanega razodetja, če ni »proti razumu« (® »On the Reasonableness
of Christianity«)
3.3.2. Politična filozofija
– naravno stanje in privatna lastnina; (pravna negotovost; potreba po zakonu, sodniku in
oblasti)
– pogojno zaupanje oblasti državi (možnost odtegnitve pooblastila; omejitev pravic
države, ® liberalizem)
3.4. George Berkeley (1685-1753)
– motiv: obramba vere (naraščajoča samozadostnost materialnega sveta predstavlja
nevarnost za Boga in duhovni svet)
– zanikanje obstoja materialne substance (imaterializem) »obstajati« pomeni »imeti
čutno zaznavo« v duhu (mind)
– problem solipsizma in Berkeleyev odgovor
svet je celota čutnih zaznav
čutne zaznave ne povzroča zunanja materija, temveč Bog
Bog v vseh ljudeh (minds) povzroča podobe sveta na urejen način (®
»jezik Boga«)
3.5 David Hume (1711 – 1776)
3.5.1. E mpirično-psihološka analiza človeškega spoznanja
– vprašanje nastanka (geneze) idej in psihologizem
· razlikovanje: vtisi (impressions) in ideje (ideas)
· ideje so predstave vtisov (in ne zunanjega sveta)
– povezovanje idej kot psihološki proces (navada) >> psihološki mehanicizem
– osnova: vzročno povezovanje (kavzalna asociacija)
– pojav 1 (dežuje) >> pojav 2 (cesta je mokra) če imamo dva pojava, zaradi njujnega
sosldedja, vrjamemo, da en pojav povzroča drugi pojav: Ker dežuje je cesta mokra
(vzrok >> posledica)
– hume napada znanost; znanost vrjame v vzročost, v resnici pa smo mi tisti ki
povezujemo vzroke in posledice…vse je le navada
– empirizem pristane na zgolj čutnih podatkih
– zakaj se neka stvar tako dogaja? Zanimajo nas obče dogajanje!
– poznavanje vzrokov je zgolj vrjetje (belief) in ne gotovost
3.5.2 krtitika jaza kot duhovne substance
– »jaz« je zgolj zaporedje stanj zavesti
– ker ni zveze med stanji, ni duhovnega nosilca (če bi duhovni«jaz« obstajal, bi moral
biti predmet zaznave)
– ne obstaja duhovna substanca
– Kaj je »jaz«? je tisto kar lahko v tem trenutku imn. jaz; smo pri predavanjih, imamo
čutno izkustvo predavalnice >> tisto kar je jaz, je nek sveženj občutij (kar so moji vtisi
v nekem trenutku), ti vtisi pa se spreminjajo glede na spremembo prostora >>
zaporedna stanja zavesti, iz tega pa ne moremo zaključiti, da obstaja neka podlaga
jaza, neka duhovna stvarnost. Hume ne dovoli, da bi iz našega izkustva sebe (naša
občutja) zaključili, da obstaja neka duhovna substanca. Če bi obstajal nek duhovni
svet (duša, duhovni subjekt) bi lahko o njem govoril, če bi imel njegovo izkustvo. >>
Moral bi meti izkustvo z svojo dušo.
3.5.3. Kritika naravne religije in morala
– ne v religiji ne v morali si ne moremo pomagati z umom
– proti dokazom za bivanje Boga (ki so osnova naravne religije, Bog kot »prvi« vzrok«
je (neupravičen); gre za nek psihološki sklep
– bistvo religije je vera >> iracionalno občutje (čustva: starh, veselje…)
– ne moremo sklepati iz ene vzročnosti na drugo >> če ima vsak človek očeta, ne
pomeni, da ima celo človeštvo očeta
– za reliigjo pomembna 2 občutja: strah in upanje; zaradi strahu, si človek napravi
vrhovno upanje, da ga varuje + hočemo zaupati v dobro prihodnost
– na občutju temelji tudi morala (občutje do drugega= gr. simpatija = dočutiti); Morala
nima racionalne utemeljitve svojih norm, temelji na moralnem vrednotenju, na
moralnem občutju. To občutje pa ni egoistično; vsak človek ima prirojeno sočutje do
drugega. »Kaj pa če imam slab dan, kaj pa če nimam sočutja do drugega?« >> lahko je
nevarno!!!
– altruizem >> nauk, da je moralno tisto kar je dobro za drugega
4. KANT IN NEMŠKI IDEALIZEM
– idealizem: njegov naravni predhodnik je racionalizem; tisto kar je materialno je
manifestacija idejnega
– vladavina umnosti, idejnega
4. 1. Immanuel Kant (1742-1804)
>> znan po trilogiji: Kritika čistega uma, Kritika prakt. uma, Kritika razsodnosti
>> njegova filozofija imn. kritična filozofija (pozno jo je zasnoval)
4.1.1 Predpostavke in priprava kritične filozofije
– sprejemanje idej razsvetljenstva (vera v razum in znanost, proti »teološkemu
empirizmu« v smislu, da bi lahko imeli izkustvo Božjega posega v stvarnosti)
– naklonjen DEIZMU >> filoz. nauk o Bogu, ki verjame, da obstaja Bog stvarnik, se pa
ta Bog ne razodeva in ne vstopa v človeško zgodovino. Odklonitev kršč., vendar
verjamejo da Bog obstaja.
– zaupa v znanost; eden od tvorcev ideje o nastanku vesolja
– vpilv Christiana Wolffa (racionalist, ki prevladuje na takratnih nemških univerzah);
vse kar je pomembno je kar je racionalno, umno
– branje Davida Huma ga »prebudi iz dogmatičnega spanca«, če je prej biu v metafiziki
Wolfa, je Hume razburkal njegovo vero v razum oz. znanost
– Nezadosnost racionalizma:
· analitične sodbe, a priori, dedukcija
· Prednost: gotovost umskih izpeljevanj, matemat. je gotovost
· Slabost: ni novega znanja (ki pride iz izkustva), ni odprt za možnost
novega znanja
– Nezadostnost empirizma:
· sintetične sodbe, a posteriori, idukcija
· Prednost: širitev znanja iz izkustva
· Slabost: ni gotovosti (pri povezovanju izkustvanih dejstev)
– pogoj za utemeljitev znanosti (in preseganje zgornje dileme): Ali so možne sintetične
apriorne sodbe? Da bi razširili znanje in da bi bilo to znanje gotovo
RAZJASNITEV POJMOV!!!
· Analitične sodbe: kjer je povedek že skrit v osebku, kjer povedek alhko izpeljemo iz
osebka, npr. trikotnik ima vsoto 180 stopinj
· Sintetična sodba: povedek doda nekaj novega, predikat izrazi nekaj drugega kar
subjekt še nima; krogla je rdeča; v pojmu krogle ni, da je rdeča
· A prori: vnaprej, pred izkustvom, nekaj kar ni odvisno od izkustva
· A postriori: tisto kar pride kasneje; po izkustvu, temelj je na izkustvu
4.1.2. Kritika čistega uma
>> kritika (gr. krinein=razločevati) >> kriterij (razločevati); da zasije dobro in odstrani se
slabo, prava kritika: želja po ločevanju
– napaka racionalizma in empirizma: ne ohranja razliko med umom in čuti, temveč
absolutizirata enega od njiju, racionalisti poudarjajo razum, empiristi pa čutnost
– čutnost >> pasivno sprejemanje (receptivnost): sprejemanje vtisov (ki prihajajo od
zunaj = a posteriori) >> vsebina
– umnost >> aktivno delovanje (spontanost): um ni prazen, temveč nosi v sebi
»strukturo« (še pred vsakim izkustvom =a priori) >> forma
· človek: sodelovanje obeh spoznavnih možnosti
– spoznanje je obdelava čutne vsebina (kar pomeni torbo sintetičnih apriornih sodb) >>
rezultat tiste vsebine, ki prihaja preko čutnosti do nas in hkrati formiranja tistga kar
pride do nas
– vnaprejšnja (apriorna) struktura ali transcedentalnost (transcedentalno = pogoj
možnosti spoznanja, da neka stvar je sploh kar je)
– RAZLIKA med transcendentnim (nekaj kar presega izkustvo, je onkraj vsakega
izkustva) in transcedentalnim (na nek način tudi presega nekaj, če vnaprejšnje forme
vplivajo na to kako se stvari pojavijo, so te forme presežne; nekaj je prej, pred vsem)
– tisto kar imn. predmet spoznanja je posledica tistega, kar smo že vnaprej formirali
– Kantov »koprenikanski obrat«: pri spoznanju se ne ravna naš um po predmetih,
temveč se predmeti ravnajo po umu: vnaprejšnje umne forme določajo predmete;
predmeti se ravnajo po naši umnosti in so takšni, kot jih mi vidijo. »Ali je to padec v
subjektivizem?« >> NE, ker naš razum ni subjektiven, kljub temu, da je v subjektu;
naše spoznanje je objektivno
– problem »stvar na sebi« (Ding an sich): ni dostopna spoznanju
ANALIZA SPOZNANJA (Kako pridemo do spoznanja?)
ČUTNOST (transcedentalna estetika)
– UMNOST se deli na: RAZUM (vedno nekaj razstavlja in posledično razume) in UM
(sposobnost iskanja sintez)
– urejanje izkustvenih podatkov na ravni čutne zaznave (zor); kontinuiteta časa in
koesistenca prostora
– čas in prostor kot transcedentalni formi čutnosti (proti času in prostoru kot dvema
stvarnostma na sebi); dve vnaprejšnji formi človeka
RAZUM (transcedentalna analitika); pri njem nastane sodba
– spoznanje kot tvorjenje sodb o stvarnosti
– oblikovanje sod se vrši s pomočjo »form«, ki sestavljajo razum (transcedentalne
forme razuma)
– te forme so najvišji rodovni pojmi ali kategorij e (jih je 12, razdeljene na 4:
ralacijskost, kvalitativnost, kvantitativnost, modalnost)
– ko dobim čutne podatke, ki sem jih že umestil v prostoru in času, jih še uredim
– če nekaj potem nekaj (v sebi že moramo imeti forme, da lahko potem vzroku dodelimo
posledico) >> to je vzročnost
– Kant analizira sodbe, saj različnim vrstam sodb sodijo različne kategorije
– kategorije so apriorne forme, ki jih uporabim na čutnem spoznanju; dajo spoznanju
občo veljavnost in gotovost, vsebina pa prihaja iz čutnega izkustva – oboje je nujno za
spoznanje
– skupni »nosilec« spoznanja: transcendentalni jaz: je pogoj za vse kar jaz počnem, nmi
pa predmet mojega izkustva (z razliko od empiričnega jaza; pomeni, da lahko vse
izkušamo)
UM (transcedentalna dialektika)
– umevanje se lahko odtrga od izkustva >> »čisti um« (=brez primesi čutnosi)
– razlika: mišljenje (denken) in spoznanje (erkennen); človek lahko misli veliko več kot
spozna
– težnja mišljenja: iskanje celote >> tvorba idej
– transcedentalne ideje (uma): um jih zasleduje, v njihovo smer razmišlja
1. duša (ideja celote notranjega izkustva); poveže vsa različna notranja izkustva
v neko podstat, ki jo imn. duša
2. svet (ideja celote zunanjega izkustva); izkušamo partikularno (doživljamo
sneg, predavalnico, …)
3. Bog (ideja celote vseh celot, ideal čistega uma); Bog je ideal
transcedentalnega uma oz. najvišja ideja po Kantu.
Ničesar ne moremo reči o obstoju teh treh posameznih področij, kljub temu, da mi
misleno pridemo do te ideje.
Te tri idejo so regulativne ideje: usmerjajo naše ideje.
– kritika metafizike: mišljenje poistoveti s spoznanjem idejam pripisuje dejanski obstoj
(>> kritika čistega uma); če že govorimo o Bogu, ga ne moremo določiti na področju
uma, ker nimamo izkustva Boga oz. ga sploh ne moremo imeti
– pozitiven pomen idej na področju praktičnega uma
4.1.3. Kritika praktičnega uma
– zadeva delovanje in etiko
– morale ni nujno utemeljevati na religiji; v srednjem veku je bil temelj morale na
religiji; (če ni Boga, potem je vse dovoljeno: Dostojevski)
– čisti um izpričuje, da človek ni zgolj naravno (čutno) bitje; »državljan dveh svetov«
– umnost se lahko loči od čutnega izkustva, lahko presegamo našo umeščenost v ta svet;
človek je bitje, ki je vpeto v naravo in je prav zaradi tega ker se lahko loči od narave,
bitje, ki presega naravo=je transcendentno
– čutnost – narava (fenomen); pri živalih je čutnost imn. nagon
>> ljudje so čutna bitja; preko čutnosi smo del narave; narava se razume kot
nekaj kar je določeno, vse kar se dogodi v naravi je posledica predhodnih vzrokov >>
temu vlada determinizem (vlada neka določenost), ne pozna svobode
>> svoboda je preseganje determinizma; čisti um, ki presega izkustvo je
znamenje svobode
– um – čista umnost (noumenon) – svoboda; svobodni smo prav zato, ker nas določa
moralni zakon, ker ne delujemo po nagonu, in to nas loči od živali …
– svoboda se izpričuje v moralnem zakonu (čistega uma); Kaj mi veleva um? >> To, da
moram delovati v skladu z umnostjo, z občostjo, idividualnostjo… Delujem tako, da
bi jaz lahko hotel, da bi vsi tako delovali. >> npr. če vidim sendvič, iz njega ne smem
vzeti dveh rezin klobas oz. ga sploh ne smem vzeti, saj bo nekdo drug enkrat drugič
nekaj vzel meni; čisti um je sodnik obče veljavnosti. Čisti um nas loči od živali,, saj bi
npr. žival v tem primeru vzela klobaso >> dvig na obči nivo.
>> kategorični imprerativ; morala ima opravka z velelniki; gre za
brezpogojnost (npr.: »Ne laži!«)
· »Deluj tako, da lahko vodilo tvoje volje vselej velja kot načelo
obče zakonodaje!«
· formalizem; formalna etika. Kantova etika premalo govori o
dobrem, je zelo zadržan do srečnosti.
· moralo Kant utemelji na umu; govori o avtonomnosti narave:
(avto – nomos = sam – zakoni); sami si postavljamo zakone.
Kant je proti heteronomni morali, ko drugi določajo zakone
– postulati (= zahteve) praktičnega uma; um zahteva, da je racionalno vrjeti v naslednje
tri točke:
1. svoboda (>> možnost moralnosti kot take); ni izkustveno dejstvo, je nekaj, kar
moram izpričati, dokazovati… moramo pa vrjeti vanjo, postane »dejstvo« če jo
dokazujemo, če jo živimo.
2. neumrljivost duše ( >> možnost moralne popolnosti)
3. obstoj Boga (>> možnost pravičnosti, kjer sovpadata sreča in morala); um mi
pravi, da moram vrjeti, da obstaja neka pravičnost. Moralnost ni odvisna, če smo
srečni ali ne, če pa si kdo zasluži srečo, pa je to moralni človek. Pametno je vrjeti v
Boga, da bo pravično sodil, tistim, ki so živeli moralno in tistim, ki niso živeli
moralno.
– utemeljitev vere na morali (in umnosti); »Religija v mejah golega uma«
– pomen krščanstva: boj proti zlu v družbi
ideal moralno popolnega človeka (Kristus)
ideal moralno krepostne družbe (»nevidna Cerkev«) >> redukcija religije na
moralo
4.2 Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 – 1814) >> subjektivni idealizem
– izhodišče nemškega idealizma: (Kantov) čisti um
– Fichtejeva kritika Kanta: problem »stvari na sebi« in dedukcije kategorij razuma; ne
moremo govoriti o stvari na sebi, ker sem spet jaz tisti, ki to stvar določa
– karkoli je, je samo v relaciji do mene; nima smisla govoriti o stvari na sebi oz. subjekt
je tisto merilo, ki predstavlja stvarnost >> jaz sem tisti, ki nekaj predpostavlja
– vse tisto kar pa ni od mene odvisno, je utemeljeno v subjektu >> človekovo
subjektiviteto oz. um je temelj celotne stvarnosti … = temelj celotne stvarnosti:
transcedentalni »jaz«
– kako začenši od subjekta lahko prie do objekta oz. vzpostavitve celotnega sveta >>
(apriorna) izpeljava vseh pojavov (svet)
1. TEZA (»jaz sem jaz«, A = A) »jaz izvorno postavlja svojo lastno bit«;
2. ANTITEZA (jaz nisem ne-jaz, A ni – A) »jazu se postavlja nasproti nejazu#
3. SINTEZA (vzajemno določanje jaza in ne-jaza) »jaz postavi delnemu jazu
nasproti delni ne-jaz«
– trije koraki razložijo razvoj duha (jaza) v smeri mnoštva oz. nastanka vseh pojavov
(sveta) - vse realno je postavljeno zaradi subjekta >> subjektivni idealizem
4.3. Friedrich Willhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 – 1854)
– deli razumevanje narave, da je narava nekaj živega; ni zgolj brezumna materija oz.
mehanizem, temveč prežeta z duhom, umnostjo
– tisto kar filoz. imn. objekt je po Schellingu utelešenje duha; tisto kar je umno se
objektivira v objekt
– objektivni idealizem >> vse tisto kar je narava je utelešenje umnosti; duh (= v smislu
umnosti) ni nasproten naravi; je sicer neka materija ampak umno; um je tisto, kar
določa naravo
– filozofijo narave razlaga na umen način; tisto kar je prej veljajo kot nasprotje (narava
vs. duh), to zdaj prežema ista umnost >> za to mora obstajati isti temelj, pri Schellingu
je to Bog (to je absolutna indentiteta)
– Schellinugu očitali panteizem, ker je cela narava od Boga
4.4. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
4.4.1. Rojstvo Heglove dialektike
ABSOLUTNI IDEALIZEM: vidik celote, ki hkrati zaobjema in presega vsa nasprotja.
– naprej moramo razumeti zgodovinsko dogajanje njegovega delovanja (čas vojn in
franc. revolucij), t.j. iskati umnost »sedanjega in dejanskega, ne pa postavljanje nečesa
onostranskega« ® odkrivati idealno (umno) v realnem; Lutrovo iskanje »vrtnico na
križu sedanjosti«, na lesu križa je treba spoznavati Boga (= prispodoba istkati umno v
realnem)
>> naloga filozofije ne more biti samo iskanje nečesa idealnega, večnega;
lahko pride do idealizma >> naloga filozofije je dojeti realno, dojeti idealnost
(umnost) v tej realnosti; če izhajamo iz celote, ki je bistvena, ne more biti nekih
nesprotji
– razumevanje dejanskosti (zgodovine) ® filozofija kot »miselno dojemanje svojega
časa«; dojeti se mora umnost v zgodovini
– razpad grške polis (idealna državica) in konec francoske revolucije – nujna in potrebna
etapa v razvoju zgodovine zato, da bi nastala nova država, ki bi upoštevala človekovo
individualnost >> propadi so nujni za napredovanje; tisto, kar mislimo, da je negacija,
poraz, je nujno potrebno za razvoj
– notranja logika razvoja celotne stvarnosti ® dialektika
○ ne gre za statično umnost, ampak gre za neko dejavnost (biti ni nekaj
negibnega, ampak je postajanje »beeing >> becoming« v smislu dialektičnega
razvoja (preko lastnega zanikanja prehaja na višjo raven); preko lastnega
poraza prideš na neko novo fazo, prideš iz njega okrepljen, na tej novi fazi sem
bolj izkušen, okrepljen (ta faza negira tisto, kar smo imeli prej)
○ dialektika kot »logika« ali »zakon« absolutnega duha (preseganje
subjektivnega in objektivnega ter vseh nasprotij)
○ dialektika kot notranji »puls« celote (dejanskosti)
○ ekskurs: vpliv krščanstva na dialektiko; tisto kar filozof spekulativno misli,
kršč. razloži v zgodbah
○ »spekulativni Veliki petek« - smrt (negacija) Boga, da bi prišlo do vstajenja in
novega življenja, preseganje pripelje do Sv. Duha = spekulativen
SPEKULATIVNO = dojetje nasprotnega v skupno enotnost, umnost; lat.: speculum, zrcalo
4.4.2. Heglov sistem
– »Fenomenologija duha« (1807): pojavne oblike v razvoju duha
– »Enciklopedija filozofskih znanosti« (1817) – oris sistema
– temeljna triada pri Heglu:
1. čista misel ® logika (ideja v sebi in za sebe)
2. narava ® filozofija narave (ideja v drugem od sebe)
3. duh ® filozofija duha (ideja - po povratku - pri sebi)
1. logika ( ¬ »Znanost logike«; 1812)
– razlika od aristotelske logike (formalni zakoni mišljenja) ® logika = ontologija (=
teologija);
– triada: 1. bit; 2. bistvo; 3. pojem (Begriff)
– začetni stavek logike: »bit in nič je isto« ® postajanje kaj je večji
pojem? jablana ali drevo? drevo.. kateri pojem več pove: jablana… če pa vzamemo
najširši pojem - bit - z njim vse zaobsežemo nič pa ne povemo
Če razmišljamo o niču, že ni več nič.
1. filozofija narave
– povnanjena ideja, »utelešeni logos«
– triada: (njegovi pomeni,dela ko še fizika ni razvita) 1. Mehanika (abstraktni zakoni
fizike); 2. Fizika (naravna konkretnost); 3. Organika (razumeti živost,umno življenje)
– problem Heglove razlage narave v odnosu do naravoslovnih znanosti
1 . filozofija duha
– človek kot nosilec duha; DUH: po eni strani vezano na človeka, po drugi pa je nekaj
kar je nad posameznikom
a) subjektivni duh (pogled na duha z vidika človekove individualnosti; notranjost
človeka)
b) objektivni duh (resničevanje duha zunaj človeka; družbeno življenje in kultura)
c) absolutni duh (gre za vrhunec celotne dialektike; stvarnost prihaja do mišljenja
samega sebe >> samouzrtje elotne stvarnosti, ki vlada logiki v duhu, duhovno
življenje)
a) subjektivni du h: 1. antropologija, 2. fenomenologija, 3. psihologija (v njegovem času ni
današnja psihologija) >> Gre za vprašanja, ki zadevajo človekovo notranjost
b) objektivni duh (Hegelj to bolj povdarja) >> kako se umnost spaja z zunanjim svetom;
pravo, proizvod duha (človeka), je nekaj kar regulira naše delovanje, kako mi uredimo naš
svet
– svoboda ni neko notranje občutje, je smao takrat ko je v družbi svoboda; svoboda se
objektivira in postane realnost; nekaj v čemer živim. »Kako napraviti neko življenje,
ki je svobodno?« >> pravo (omogoča nam ne le notranjo ampak tudi zunanjo
svobodo)
– objektivni duh je objektivacija človekove svobode, to pa je objektivacija uma;
vprašanje objektivnega duha >> »Kakšna naj bo družba«?; ima tri ravni (triada)
1. legalnost (pravo kot vsota zakonov); poznan zakon, da je prepovedano
prevoziti rdečo luč >> zakon, ki je od zunaj postavljeno; legalni smo takrat, ko
upoštevamo zakone
2. moralnost (notranji moralni zakon; vest); nasprotje legalnosti je moralnost,
moja notranja obveznost, moja lastna dolžnost. Moralnost je, ko jz rečem, da je rdeča
luč na semaforju pametna >> vem, da je to pravilno;
3. naravnost (»objektivirana moralnost«); važno, da ponotranjim zakone, da je
to neka morala, ki postane način življenja; lahko se uresničuje na treh nivojih:
3.a) družina (naravna skupnost, rojen v neko naravno skupnost)
3.b) občanska družba (interesno združevanje, v ospredju posameznost,
prepoznavam svoje interese in se družim s tistimi, kiimajo iste)
3.c) država (»dejanskost ideje naravnosti«); utelešenje umnosti; objektivna
svoboda; organično razumevanje države(posameznik se vključuje v družbo);
dialektika med posameznim in občim, problem: očitanje, da preveč enači
državo s tedanjo monarhijo, jim piha na dušo)
c) absolutni duh ; absolutno pride do izraza v treh načinih:
– umetnost ; stik z absolutnim se pokaže na čutni način, umetnost doživimo
preko čutov. (prisotnost absolutnega na abstrakten in neposreden način
čutnega zaznavanja), pri umetnosti gre za občutje, ni pa še to zavdeno
– religija; tisto kar je absolutno prevede v predstavo, privede do zunjanjega
(zunanje = Bog) (predstava absolutnega kot nečesa zunanjega, kar se časti)
– filozofija; preseganje prvega in drugega; celota logika sveta se dojame v
razumevanju filozofa (pojmovno dojetje absolutnega; absolut misli samega
sebe, mišljenje, ki misli samega sebe)
4.4.3. Vprašanje religije in zgodovine
– razvoj religije:
1. Religija narave (vzhodnjaške religije, ki niso usmerjene v posameznika
ampak v naravo);
2. Religija umetnosti (grški bogovi, ki so projekcija človeka v bogove, so
bogovi po človeški podobi, z izjemo, da so nesmrtni);
3. Absolutna religija = krščanstvo, ki presega religijo narave in religijo
umetnosti; Bog sam sebe negira, prav zato, da vlada kot Sveti duh (znoraj
konfesij je luteranstvo nad katolištvom >> luteranstvo je bolj sekularizirano:
ideje prenesejo v življenje)
– religija kot »substanca« države; pri religiji gre za neka moralna merila, ki sovpadajo z
idealom države; subtanca v smislu moralni način življenja
– Heglov »panlogizem« in vprašanje panteizma; pri Heglu Bog ne more biti ločen od
sveta. Heglov Bog je duh, ki v razvoju celote prihaja do samega sebe. (Bog je logika)
– zgodovina kot udejananje umnosti; razvoj celotne zgodovine je umno, um vodi
zgodovino oz. se dogaja kot umna zgodovina; cilj zgodovine; prihod duha k samemu
sebi in objektivna svoboda (»zvijača uma«) >> svetovni um je zvijačen ker po
neumnostih pride do umnosti,, na koncu vedno zmaga umnost; zgodovina je
napredovanje uma
– odrešenjska zgodovina soupada s svetovno zgodovino (božja previdnost pri Heglu
postane umnost)
4. OD IDEALIZMA K MATERIALIZMU
– Heglova dediščina: desni (»staroheglovci«) in levi heglovci (»mlado-heglovci«): obrat
k ateizmu in materializmu, kjer se podarja dialektični mment negacije – kot zanikanja
in rušenja obstoječega >> povdarjajo 2. momet (negacijo)
5.1. Ludwig Feuerbach
>> Poudarja ne le umnost ampak tudi čutnost, telesnost; kritizira Hegla, ker preveč povdarja
umnost
– skrivnost teologije je antropologija; človek ustvari Boga glede na svoje lastno
izkustvo, ustvari si predstavo v katero prenese temlejne lastnosti, ki pa niso last.
posameznega človeka ampak celotnega človeštva, npr.: posamezen človek je umrljiv,
celotno človeštvo pa ne >> Bog kot projekcija človeškega bistva
– problem odtujitve (= alienacije): človek se odtuji od samega sebe; človek časti voje
bistvo kot nekaj zunanjega, sam sebe pa se razvrednoti >> Bog na ta način nevarna
iluzija, ker človek sam na sebe gleda slabšalno
– prednost vere pred ljubeznijo – vzrok za verske vojne; človeku bolj važno za versko
resnico, kot pa za sočloveka; nekdo, ki drugače veruje postane vzrok za nasilje
– je zagovornik ateizma; je boljši od vere, saj je toleranten
– Feuerbach se zavzema za »religjijo človeške ljubezni«
○ preoblikovanje religije v ljubezni med ljudmi
○ zaveda se, da se religije ne more odpraviti, ampak, da se jo zamenja za
ljubezen >> ljubezen med zakoncema najbolj čista
○ antropoteizem – (ateistična) religija človeške ljubezni kot substanca
države
5.2 Karl Marx (1818-1883)
>> Heglov vpliv; Marxova kritika Hegla (»obrniti Hegla na glavo«), kar je osnovno pri
Marxu so materilane oz. ekonomske razmere v katerih človek živi
5.2.1. Filozofsko obdobje (mladi Marx)
– religija je izraz globlje družbene odtujitve
– religija je izraz nepravičnih družbenih odnosov – zatočišče za tiste, ki živijo v revščini
in bedi
– religija je opij za ljudstvo: bogatejši imajo opij, nižji sloj pa religijo
– stanje družbe je problematično – tukaj je treba iskati odtujitve; je nepravično in kliče
po preseganju
– človeka gleda skozi očala ekonomsko-socialnih odnosov >> temeljna človekova
dejavnost je delo; delo je tudi objektivacija duha – način kako človek sebe prenese v
proizvode dela. Človek se izraža skozi to kar napravi, delo je počlovečenje narave. če
so ti proizvodi dela človeku odtujeni, potem pride do odtujitve človeka
– v kapitalizmu človek postane oblika delovne sile, ki prodaja svoje delo in se ne more
identificirati s tistim, kar pri tem ustvari; kapitalist delavca plača toliko, kolikor je
nujno potrebno >> kapitalizem je problematičen, ker človeka razčloveči – ta sistem je
v svojem jedru nepravičen
5.2.2. Politično (ideološko obdobje)
– to stanje, ki je zahteva, da se vanj vključimo in ga spremenimo
– cilj našega uvida je, da bi spremenili svet
– filozofija se razume kot politični program – kako bo potrebno spremeniti družbo
– Marks želi napisati program, ki ga imn. komunistični manifest – napraviti skupno
lastnino, kjer ne bo več izkoriščanja in bo presegla obstoječo družbo
○ komunistični manifest (1848) je postal osnova komunističnega gibanja
○ uvede pojem razreda: eden izkorišča in drugo so izkoriščeni
○ v kapitalizmu sta ta dva razreda: kapitalisti, ki izkoriščajo tiste, ki nimajo nič
○ vlada razredni boj: vsak takšen boj kliče po prehodu na neko novo raven
○ to nasprotje med dvema razredoma kliče po tem, da se bo ta napetost sprostila
z nekim obratom >> z revolucijo bi delavski razred prevzel oblast in
vzpostavil komunistično družbo (ne bo več privatne lastnine)
○ potrebno je napraviti zavest delavcem – proletariata morajo se zavedati, da
je v njih nek potencial oz. naloga, da spremenijo ta dr. sistem
○ Marks verjame, da je revolucija v prihodnosti nujna; vprašanje kdaj bojo
delavci dobili to zavest, da jo bojo izvedli
5.2.3. Znanstveno obdobje - Kapital (1867)
– ne smemo ostati na ravni ideologije, utopije
– verjame, da to kar on razvije je znanstvena analiza; z analizo družbe uvidimo to nujo
konca kapitalizma in s tem pripravljamo pot novi stvarnosti, ki ne bo utopija ampak bo
postala realna >> delo, ki bi znan. analiziralo družbo: Kapital
– v dr. lahko razlikujemo ekonom. bazo/ osnovo in dr. nadgradnja; družbena baza je
ekonomija, proizvajanje dobrin
– osnova družbe je materialno-ekonomska osnova; ta osnova je osnova za obliko dr.
zavesti(država, umetnost, religija); kakršna je eko. baza, to določa kako se bo mislilo
in kakšne bojo ideje
– država je takšna kot jo usmerjamo producijski odnosi – kapitalisti bojo posrkbeli, da
se bo razvila kapitalistična filozofija; če bomo spremenili odnose, se bo preoblikovala
družbena zavest in religija bo odmrla, ker bojo boljši pogoji
– razumevanje zgodovine: v vsakem zgo obdobju sta se razvila dva razreda:
izkoriščevalci in izkoriščeni, v neki točki je to propadlo, prišlo je do novega sistema,
ki spet regeneriral razliko (dva razreda).Nova temeljna sila postanejo meščani, ki so se
razvili iz obrtništva
– analiza presežne vrednosti: na znan. način želi pokazati kaj je to presežno >>
delavec, ki proizvaja različne dobrine proizvede več kot on dobi, to presežno vrednost
si prilasti kapitalist – izkoriščanje. V kapitalizmu to blago in denar postane fetiš
(predmet, ki ga častimo kot božanskega) >> nov Bog
– Marskova ideja: novo počlovečenje človeka; kapitalizmu očita razčlovečenje človeka;
verjame, da je človek izvorno dober, in da njega pokvari družba
6. PREDHODNIKI SODOBNOSTI
6.1. Sören Kierkegard (1813-1855) >> eksistencialist, religiozni pisec
– vpr. povezana s človeškim življenjem
– govori o svoji eksistencialni izkušnji >>vplival na filozofijo in literaturo
– življenje je tisto, ki bo izhodišče in cilj razmišljanja
– občutek krivde, ki ga nenehno spremlja – verjame, da je to neka teža, ki visi and
njegovo družino – greh očeta, zaradi katerega je vsa družina zaznamovana >> tragična
senzibilnost – melahnoličnost (sam razdre zaroko, ker se je čutil nesposobnega,
zaročenke ni nikoli prebolel)
– kritizira množično krščanstvo – takšno krščanstvo zakrije resnost individualnega kr.
6.1.1. Z avrnite v Hegla in institucionalnega krščanstva
– individualnost človeka ne moremo podrediti nekemu sistemu; sistem na nek način
vedno duši posamezno, ker to privede v obče
– posameznik je takšna enkratnost, ki je ne moremo privesti v obče pojme; posameznik
je zunaj sistema – posamečnik je bolj temeljno od sistema
– mišljenje ne more nikoli izraziti enkratnost naše eksistence
– kritizira množično krščanstvo – takšno krščanstvo zakrije resnost individualnega kr.
○ krščanstvo se rodi kot moj odgovor na Božji odgovor
○ edino kar šteje je absolutno individualen posamezen odgovor
○ kr. ni sprejetje občih navodil
○ sama vera ne bo pot v neko gotovost in udobje, temveč podati se na pot
individualnega iskanja odločitev, ki mu jih en more nihče prevzeti in za katere
ni splošnih navodil >> vera: podati se v avanturo zaupanja, ki ni nekaj lahkega
6.1.2. D rama eksistence – tri ravni bivanja
– estetična raven
○ pomeni življenje, kjer vladajo čuti
○ zasledovanje sreče in ugodja, pri čemer se človek ne želi vezati, ampak hoče
pustiti vse odprto, da bo lahko užival
○ v tem načinu življenja ostaja neka praznost, ker stalno nekaj iščemo
○ preko izkustva ironije je človek sposoben preseči to raven
– etična raven
○ podreditev splošnim moralnim normam
○ sprejetje ustaljenega vzorca, ki velja sprejemljiv v družbi, postaneš spodoben
državljan
○ nudi zadovoljstvo in gotovost
○ svoje zadovoljitve ne moreš v polnosti doseči, ker se podredimo neki občosti
– religiozna raven
○ preseganje občosti, da imam svojo individualnost>> posameznik pred Bogom
○ ko prisluhneš sebi, tistemu presežnemu oz. se odpreti odnosu z Bogom
○ kdo sem jaz? v kaj sem poklican? tu sem sam pred Bogom
○ lahko obstajajo splošne norme, ampak v tem sem sam pred Bogom in sam
sprejemam odločitve – nihče se ne more odločati namesto mene
○ najvišja raven eskistence
○ resnoba našega bivanja – nihče se ne more odločiti namesto nas, mi sami
moramo dati odgovor
○ takšna religioznost je nekaj težkega: nemir, paradoks, zaplujemo v odprto
morje, čeprav ne vemo kaj nas čakaAbraham se odloči za odnos z Bogom –
tako je najbolj zvest sebi
· religioznost A: Sokrat – biti zvest sebi, Božjemu klicu (nekrščanska
religioznost)
· religioznost B: vera je paradoks (križ vzamemo kot lep simbol,
pozabimo pa, da je na njem nekdo umrl) - resnoba
6.1.3. T esnoba, obup in vera
– razumevanje človekove eksistence iz eksistence same
– človeka primarno zaznamuje svoboda, ki pomeni nedoločenost v smislu možnosti (pes
ni svoboden)
– moremo se odločiti kdo bomo; skozi naše odločanje mi sebe določamo
– možnost je težja od dejanskosti (čakanje v zobozdravstveni ordinaciji), ker vemo, da
bi se lahko drugače odločali >> ker imamo to nujnost odločanja čutimo tesnoboskozi
➢ tesnoba je pozitivno stanje: v tesnobi se zavedamo resnosti situacije – vemo da
gre zares >> ker gre zares se toliko bolj sprašujemo ali lahko kakšna možnost
zadovolji človeka – možnost obupa ali bega pred obupom >> razvedrilo: vera
kot sprejetje svoje eskistence – ne bo lahko, ampak vedel bom, da sem v to
življenje jaz osebno poklican – obrat k enkratnosti
6.3. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
6.3.1. kritika zahodne kulture in nihilizem
– Nietzsche ima zelo globoko misel, ima svojo logiko; ni samo kritik spoznanja, temveč
se vpraša o celotni zahodni kulturi >> z. kulturo zaznamuje krščanstvo, grška
filozofija – Platon, Rim; platonizem je tisti, ki zaznamuje zahodni misel in krščanstvo
– to zahodno kulturo opredeljuje specifični vrednostni sistem
– raziskuje predsokratično Grčijo; ko razmišlja o grškem načinu življenja pred Sokratom
vidi, da lahko vidimo dva nasprotna elementa, ki vzpostavljata pomembno napetost:
bog Dioniz in bog Apolon
➢ Dioniz: veseljačenje, strast, omama, kipenje, stik z naravo in presežnim
kipenje življenje, ki si mora dati duška
➢ Apolon - gr. bog lepote: lepota je razmerje, ki je povezana z mero in
zmernostjo moment, ki poskuša življenju dati okvire ter ga omejiti
– s koncem tragedije pride do prevlade tega momenta in potlačenje tega kar bi bil
dionistični element
– prav zaradi tega, da je treba življenje regulirati se zgodi, da ta čutni svet ni pravi svet –
resnica je ideja
– N. vidi nezaupnico temu svetu, ki ga imamo v korist tega presežnega sveta >> pravi
svet je onkraj
– N. verjame, da grška metafizika kot krščanstvo zanikata življenje, negirata življenje in
postavita nek drug svet, ki je pristno življenje; v tem zanikanju je nihilizem zahodne
kulture (nihilizem-nauk, ki prepoznava nič tam, kjer mi mislimo, da je)
– vrednote zahodne kulture so vrednote, ki zanikajo življenje – niso prave vrednote in
zato se bo enkrat pokazalo, da niso prave vrednote; te vrednote so v krizi zato, ker se
samo razgalja to, da so ničelne (zgrajene so na zanikanju)
– življenjska sila, ki je v nas je tista, ki vlada celoti – različno razporejena (so ljudje, ki
so po naravi šibki); razdeli ljudi na šibke in močne: močnih je malo, šibkih pa veliki
– zahodna morala je zmaga vrednost šibkih, ki so protiživljenjske vrednote
– N. je glasnik nove morale >> verjame, da v tem času, ko šibke vrednote propadajo, se
odpira prostor za nadčloveka, ki bo sposoben dati nove vrednote in bo zagovarjal
življenjsko moč – življenje bo imelo prosto pot
6.3.3. S mrt Boga in večno življenje
– Bog je samo najvišja izmed vrednost – zadnji garant, da vse fuknc. >> vse izgublja
svojo prepričljivost, zato jo izgublja tudi Bog – smrt Boga
– »večno vračanje enakega« – najvišji izraz volje, največja moč - »amor fati«: ljubezen
do usode kot brezpogojna ljubezen do življenja; nova »religioznost«
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